Salmonella Enterica

May 16, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310208/

Salmonella Typhimurium

May 16, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea reveals basic principles of Enteropathogen Infection and disease-promoted DNA exchange: cell host & microbe – https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(17)30119-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2Fs1931312817301191%3Fshowall%2Dtrue

Why the Zero Tolerance Policy is unattainable

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Known and Unknown Pathogens –

(show number of pathogens found in 10 years to assess what we likely don’t know and prove that we’ll never have the ability to identify them all or enforce zero tolerance on them)

The rate of discovery of new microbes, and the new associations of microbes with health and disease, has accelerated over the past two decades. Many factors are implicated. New pathogens have truly emerged wit the globalization of travel and trade, changes in demographics and land use, susceptibility to opportunistic organisms associated with immunosuppression, and climate change. Environmental, ecological, and demographic factors, with the ongoing evolution of viral and microbial variants and selection for drug resistance suggests that infections will continue to emerge and probably increase and emphasizes the urgent need for effective surveillance and control. (1)

Types of pathogens are viral, bacterial, fungal, other parasites and prionic (e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosi (a causative agent for most tuberculosis) and Fungus (affect Athlete’s Foot). A pathogen is a harmful organism that causes disease in its host and any foreign organism, which is not part of the body, and presents inside the body, mainly in the blood stream, but antigen is a part of the body. (2)

Weaknesses in Testing Methodology –

(tests can’t tell between live/dead cells, can’t identify everything)

Adherence to Testing Protocol –

(Regulators don’t follow protocol)

Global Experts Weigh-In –

International experts opinions on zero tolerance policy including recommendations for alternatives)

A particular concern for the group was the use of criteria implying a zero tolerance for Salmonella and suggesting complete absence of the pathogen. The notion can be interpreted differently by various stakeholders and was considered inappropriate because there is neither an effective means of eliminating Salmonella from raw poultry nor any practical method for verifying its absence.

An example is the different criteria (and subsequent actions in the case of noncompliance) addressing the presence of Salmonella on raw chicken, all of which depend on the stage in the food chain, the sensitivity of the sampling plan and method, and the analytical method used.

Increasingly, risk-based concepts are being adopted for both domestic policy and international trade, despite sometimes being poorly understood and not always applied consistently or with transparency.

A recent risk assessment of Salmonella contamination in Belgian chicken meat preparations revealed that levels greater than 1 CFU/g were most likely to be associated with human salmonellosis (185).

Legislation has been introduced that makes testing compulsory and specifies deadlines for establishing the required targets in chicken breeders, layers, and broilers and in turkeys (56, 57)

Serovar-specific control measures. In some parts of the world, strategies have been adopted to target specific Salmonella serovars associated with both poultry and human salmonellosis. Salmonella Enteritidis caused a pandemic of human illness from infected layer and broiler flocks beginning in the 1980s (3). Particular strains of Salmonella TABLE 1. Prevalence of Salmonella-positive broiler flocks in the EU, 2005 and 2006 (61) Member state No. of flocks sampleda % flocks positive for Salmonella Austria 365 7.7 Belgium 373 15.3 Cyprus 248 10.9 Czech Republic 334 22.5 Denmark 295 3.1 Estonia 131 2.2 Finland 360 0.3 France 381 8.9 Germany 377 17.2 Greece 245 27.3 Hungary 359 65.7 Ireland 351 27.9 Italy 313 30.4 Latvia 121 9.1 Lithuania 156 5.1 Poland 357 57.7 Portugal 367 42.8 Slovakia 230 8.3 Slovenia 326 3.1 Spain 388 42.3 Sweden 291 0.0 The Netherlands 362 10.2 United Kingdom 382 10.7 a The number of samples taken was statistically determined. Pooled fecal samples were obtained from boot swabs, and five swabs per flock were tested. J. Food Prot., Vol. 73, No. 8 SALMONELLA ON RAW POULTRY 1569 Enteritidis with an apparent predilection for the reproductive tract of the laying hen were responsible for contamination of egg contents, resulting in vertical transmission

For Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in particular there is a clear linkage between human illness and poultry consumption. Conversely, although all Salmonella serovars are considered to be potentially pathogenic to humans, some of those found in poultry are rarely if ever associated with human illness. A classical example is Salmonella serovar II 1,4,12,[27]:b:[e,n,x], also known as Salmonella Sofia, which is often isolated from chicken in Australia but rarely from human salmonellosis cases there (146).

Predominant poultry serovars differ among countries and can change over time within a single country or region (76), and successful control of one serovar may allow another to predominate. For example, epidemiological evidence suggests that Salmonella Enteritidis may have filled the ecological niche occupied previously by the antigenically related Salmonella Gallinarum, which was eradicated in most of the major poultry producing countries by the 1970s (148).

Feed can be a latent source of Salmonella for food animals because it is made from a wide range of potentially contaminated ingredients (44, 151). When present in dry feed, Salmonella can survive for more than 1 year, and even low numbers may be significant because for some strains ,1 cell per g is sufficient to colonize young chicks (157).

The heat sensitivity of nonsporulating bacteria, including Salmonella, is influenced by the temperature and time and the prevailing water activity of the feed. The heating process aims to eliminate Salmonella during pelleting, expansion, or extrusion and minimize any adverse effect on the nutritional quality of the feed (42, 50, 104, 119, 126). However, there is a significant risk of recontamination during post-pelleting stages of the milling operation and during storage and transport of feed. Because of this risk, various chemical treatments have been considered, e.g., addition of certain short-chain fatty acids, such as formic and propionic acids. These acids have many of the attributes that are desirable in a feed treatment (92, 113, 151, 189, 195).

Instead of depending on extensive product testing, a better alternative is to apply good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles to the manufacturing process.

Effective implementation of the HACCP system requires measures to prevent recontamination of the feed after heat treatment. As with raw ingredients, these measures involve adequate storage conditions (including rigorous dust control), appropriate control of transport vehicles, regular cleaning and disinfection of the vehicles, and protection of the load up to and including the point of delivery.

when used with water-immersion chilling systems, reduces the organic load in the chill water (168), making any added chlorine more effective. However, the removal of bacteria from carcasses in the spray washing process is not enhanced by using chlorine and/or hot water (137), probably because organisms that become firmly attached to the tissues are protected from the effects of these agents and are not easily removed (118, 138).

Chilling of poultry carcasses to about 4uC or lower ensures that any Salmonella present will be unable to multiply…or exposure to cold air either by passing carcasses through an air blast system or holding them in a chill room. The continuous immersion system has a washing effect that reduces microbial contamination by up to 1 log unit (131).

The U.S. system (170) also includes a zero-tolerance policy for visible fecal contamination on carcasses entering the chilling process (181) and the need for a HACCP plan to ensure that avoidance of fecal contamination is a critical control point (182). Otherwise, the determination of critical control points is a matter for the individual company, and their number and location are likely to differ among establishments (180).

No feasible sampling plan can guarantee the absence of Salmonella, but sampling on a regular basis will reveal changes in infection or contamination so that corrective action can be taken, as required. The sampling strategy should be defined according to the public health risk involved, the anticipated prevalence of the target organism, the desired level of confidence in the results obtained, and the general principles of statistical control, which will indicate the degree of confidence offered by negative results. Other factors to consider are the stage in the food chain at which samples should be taken, the type of sample in each case, how many samples to take at any one time, how often material is collected, and what quantity of the material to collect. Standardized methods of analysis should always be used; methods advocated for international adoption are provided by organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). There also is the question of who should carry out the sampling, although regulations may specify that sampling must be done, at least in part, by a competent authority (71). An effective control strategy requires detailed consideration of the nature of the food chain and the points at which sampling will provide the most meaningful information. No single sampling site is ever sufficient. Testing for Salmonella at any stage should always have a clear objective that is related to control of the organism, allowing appropriate action to be taken on the basis of the results obtained. Other factors include the likelihood of infection or contamination at a particular stage and whether there are practices or interventions that might minimize the risk. Resources can then be allocated appropriately and cost effectively in relation to the risk involved. However, feasible levels of sampling are not usually sufficient to determine fully the effectiveness of a specific control measure.

In monitoring the mill environment, Jones and Richardson (104) noted that TABLE 2. Sampling for Salmonella at different stages of the supply chain Stage in supply chain What to sample When to sample Feed manufacture Bulk ingredients Before use Mill environment and equipment Finished feed Grandparent or parent flocks Litter Sampling should be more intensive for grandparent stock; sample before and just after moving to production house Dead birds Dust Feces Surfaces and equipment After cleaning and disinfection Hatchery Internal surface of hatching cabinet After hatching Chick box liners Eggshells Meconium Dead-in-shell chicks Culled chicks Surfaces and equipment After cleaning and disinfection Broiler flocks Litter Before slaughter Dust Feces Surfaces and equipment After cleaning and disinfection Slaughter and processing Neck skin or carcass rinse After carcass chilling Plant environment and equipment After cleaning and disinfection Portioning and deboning Meat surface and skin As required Plant environment and equipment After cleaning and disinfection Wholesale (fresh and frozen) Meat surface and skin As required Retail Meat surface and skin As required J. Food Prot., Vol. 73, No. 8 SALMONELLA ON RAW POULTRY 1575 dust was consistently contaminated with Salmonella throughout the mill and especially near pellet coolers, which draw in large amounts of air. Thus, sampling of dust and the mill environment is much more effective than monitoring the end product, and the sampling should be done as part of a HACCP program (63, 197).

Sampling at retail. Testing products at the retail stage rather than during processing is more relevant to the exposure of consumers to Salmonella via raw poultry meat. The results obtained can be of greater value in assessing the human health risk, which is required in risk assessments, and in verifying the effectiveness of Salmonella control measures for different types of product. This information will provide a scientific basis for any new criteria that are deemed necessary. The sampling strategy should be based on statistical methods and related to the sources of Salmonella exposure for the majority of the population, i.e., it should be largely focused on retail products that are on display in major towns and cities and in the principal retail outlets from which most poultry meat is sold. All the main forms in which poultry products are marketed should be sampled, e.g., whole carcasses, portions, meat preparations, and fresh and frozen products, and it will be important to distinguish between domestic and imported products

The adoption of quantitative risk assessment practices in microbiological food safety underscores the reality that zero risk is unattainable for all raw foods, a reality in everyday events and everyday life. The choice of zero tolerance, implying the complete absence of a hazard, may be regarded as the expression of a regulatory preference for the precautionary principle and has little to do with food safety and human health (80, 176). In the United States, the Committee on the Review of the Use of Scientific Criteria and Performance Standards for Safe Foods formed under the National Research Council (135) noted that the term ‘‘zero tolerance’’ is commonly used but generally poorly defined or understood. Use of this language in expressing objectives is troublesome because the terminology has different meanings for different audiences, as highlighted by the definition the Committee offered for its own purposes: ‘‘lay audience perception of the absence of a hazard that cannot be scientifically assured, but is operationally defined as the absence of a hazard in a specified amount of food as determined by a specific method.’’ To some people, zero tolerance implies a notional concept of zero risk associated with the food or zero prevalence of a pathogen in the food commodity. Such a misunderstanding could easily arise from the pending EU requirement for the absence of Salmonella in 25 g of fresh (raw) poultry meat (56) because no details are given on how this requirement would be interpreted. In the absence of any means of eliminating the pathogen from a raw food product, the ‘‘zero’’ concept is misleading to those consumers who may interpret such regulations as implying no risk; these consumers would have unrealistic expectations of the effectiveness of regulatory action. If a hazard exists, there is some probability it will cause an adverse effect, no matter how small (85). Zero tolerance may also imply that both minor and major deviations from a policy will be treated with the same severity. This is obviously not a sensible approach to identifying and resolving problems. Internationally, there is no consistency in interpreting the concept and what action should result from any deviations. The purpose of a zero tolerance policy should be to provide an alert, leading to a review of control policies and procedures while permitting distribution of the final product to the marketplace in situations where withdrawal would not give a risk reduction proportional to cost and other practical considerations. Little is to be gained when dealing with food safety management practices based on microbiological criteria for end product testing alone (accept or reject) because even when a process is completely under control some, albeit small, probability exists for exceeding the established parameters (191, 203). Without knowledge of the degree of variability in a process or product or of where the uncertainties of a food process lie, the likelihood of exceeding the limits is unknown. Several other challenges exist to applying a zero tolerance policy for Salmonella in poultry meat: defining the accuracy, sampling intensity, sampling material, and method sensitivity. At which point is the assessment to be made, preharvest or postharvest, who bears the repercussions for enforcement, and who has and what is the enforcement capacity? Ultimately, regulatory choices in establishing control policies must be verified through scientific evidence for their effectiveness for reducing risk so that social costs can be made transparent (80).

The term ‘‘zero tolerance’’ for specific pathogens such as Salmonella in food products is interpreted differently by scientists and other stakeholders in different countries and therefore has been confusing, misleading, and misapplied. All countries signing the international WTO agreements are entitled to establish sovereign levels of protection. However, with regard to sanitary measures that include MCs, the most appropriate and legally defensible approach is to define such criteria by limits of detection according to the analytical method imposed and confidence limits of sampling and testing. Using terms such as ‘‘zero tolerance’’ or ‘‘absence of a microbe’’ in relation to raw poultry should be avoided unless these terms are defined and explained by international agreement. New metrics, such as POs that are linked to human health outcomes based on risk assessment, should be used throughout the food chain and will define the resultant public health risk.

In addition to principal authors listed above, members of the Salmonella on Raw Poultry Writing Committee include Raphael Andreatti Filho, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Roy Biggs, Tegel Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; Jeff Buhr, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA; Sarah Cahill, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; John Cason, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA; Thongchai Chalermchaikit, Chulalongkorn Univeristy, Bangkok, Thailand; Hector Hidalgo, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Charles Hofacre, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Henk Hupkes, Meyn Food Processing Technology, B.V., Oostzaan, The Netherlands; Mogens Madsen, Dianova, Aarhus, Denmark; Roel Mulder, Spelderholt Poultry Consulting and Research, Burg, The Netherlands; Lars Plym Forshell, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden; Martha Pulido Landinez, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogota´, Colombia; Jason Richardson, The Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, GA, USA; Douglas Smith, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Yvonne Vizzier Thaxton, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA; Hajime Toyofuku, National Institute of Public Health, Japan; Pirkko Tuominen, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland; Mieke Uyttendaele, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Sian Ming Shi, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and Marcel Zwietering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

References –
Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases, S.S.Morse – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626828/
The difference between antigen and pathogen – https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-antigen-and-vs-pathogen/
Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 73, No. 8, 2010, Pages 1566-1590, Scientific and Technical Factors Affecting the Setting of Salmonella Criteria for Raw Poultry: A Global Perspective: http://legacy.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Documentos%20de%20la%20Oficina/CursoBPPPA/Literatura/ScientificTechnicalFactorsSalmonellaRawPoultry.pdf

Why is the Zero Tolerance Policy being put into question?

May 16, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

http://www.mercola.com/downloads/bonus/the-FDA-exposed/default.aspx

http://www.infowars.com/the-truth-about-the-fda/

http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0214/opinions-steve-forbes-fact-comment-fda-may-kill-millions.html

https://www.google.com/amp/www.undergroundhealth.com/fda-approved-prescription-drugs-kill-hundreds-of-thousands-of-people-annually/amp/

http://www.fdareview.org/05_harm.php

http://mobile.wnd.com/2012/12/how-many-have-died-because-of-the-fda/

WHO Serovar List

May 15, 2019May 15, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment



See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283428414

Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella serovars, (9th ed.) Paris: WHO
Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella

Article · January 2007

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WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
and Research on Salmonella

ANTIGENIC FORMULAE OF THE
SALMONELLA SEROVARS

2007

9th edition

Patrick A.D. Grimont & François-Xavier Weill

ANTIGENIC FORMULAE OF THE
SALMONELLA SEROVARS

2007

9th edition

WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella
Patrick A.D. Grimont, François-Xavier Weill

Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France

1/166

2/166

WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR REFERENCE AND RESEARCH
ON SALMONELLA

Patrick A.D. Grimont, François-Xavier Weill

Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
whosalm@pasteur.fr
http://www.pasteur.fr/sante/clre/cadrecnr/salmoms-index.html

Role of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on
Salmonella (WHOCC-Salm)

WHOCC-Salm is expected to provide the following service :

– Updating the Salmonella serotyping scheme (antigenic factors and serovar nomenclature)
– Technical support for Salmonella National Reference Centres (unusual antigenic structures or
biochemical features)
– Updating protocols for the production of antisera
– Research activities on Salmonella (molecular methods for the identification of serovars)
– Contribution to the WHO surveillance program (recommendations, training, participation to
Global Salm-Surv)

The historical role of WHOCC-Salm has been to maintain the comprehensive list of known
Salmonella serovars. Since the creation of the Salmonella International Centre by Thorwald
Madsen, Chairman of the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, the following scientists
were in charge :

–	F. Kauffmann (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark) : 1934-1965
–	L. Le Minor (Institut Pasteur, Paris) : 1965-1989
–	M.Y. Popoff (Institut Pasteur, Paris) : 1989-2003
–	P.A.D. Grimont and F.-X. Weill (Institut Pasteur, Paris) : 2003-2007

The first publication of the Kauffmann-White scheme (Salmonella Subcommittee, 1934, J. Hyg.
34 :333-350) listed 44 serovars. When F. Kauffmann retired (1964), the scheme contained 958
serovars. L. Le Minor published an annual supplement in the Annales de l’Institut Pasteur which
became Research in Microbiology. When L. Le Minor retired, there were 2267 serovars and
when M.Y. Popoff left, there were 2555 serovars.

Since L. Le Minor described most of the presently known serovars, we propose to designate the
list of antigenic formulae	(formerly known as	“ Kauffmann-White scheme ”) as White-
Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme.

Validation of new serovars is done at WHOCC-Salm (Institut Pasteur) in collaboration with
laboratories in Hamburg (Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt, J. Bockemühl, S. Aleksic, and P.
Roggentin) and Atlanta (Centers for Disease Control, F.W. Brenner, L. Gheesling, P. Fields, and
M. Mikoleit). Serovars are homologated when these three laboratories agree on their validation.

This scheme which summarizes antigenic formulae of all known Salmonella serovars, is
intended for National Reference Centres and other laboratories where all agglutinating sera are
available. It is a reference document. Beware of non-authorized copies or translations with a
modified content.

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We recommend that National Reference Centres make available to local laboratories a
simplified scheme limited to the most prevalent serovars in their countries. About 30 serovars
may account for more than 90% of Salmonella isolates in a given country.

Acknowledgements

We thank our above-mentioned colleagues from Hamburg and Atlanta for their fruitful
collaboration. Special thanks are due to Martine Guibourdenche for her precise work and the
preparation of this document.

4/166

Contents

	Pages

Taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Salmonella	6
• Differential characters of Salmonella species and subspecies	7
• Change in serovar nomenclature	7
• Designation of O groups	8
• Case of factor O:27 in group O:4	8
• Case of group O:54	8
• Flagellar (H) antigens of the e,n,x/e,n,z15 complex	9
• Differential characters of serovars having the same global antigenic formula	9
Presentation of the WKL scheme. Symbols	11
• Designation of « R phases » of H antigens	12
• Information and references of the first isolation of each serovar	12
• Present number of serovars in each species and subspecies	13
White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme	15
Alphabetic list of names given to serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica
with their antigenic formulae	109
Alphabetic list of serovar names withdrawn from the scheme	155

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Taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Salmonella

Molecular methods have shown that the genus Salmonella consists of only two species (Int. J.
Syst. Bacteriol., 1987, 37, 465-468; J. Clin. Microbiol., 1989, 27, 313-320). The following
nomenclature is in accordance with present taxonomic knowledge (Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.,
2005, 55, 521-524). The two species in the genus Salmonella are S. enterica and S. bongori. The
species called S. subterranea (Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2004, 70, 2959-2965) does not belong
in the genus Salmonella (unpublished data). Salmonella enterica is divided into the following
six subspecies : S. enterica subsp. enterica, S. enterica subsp. salamae, S. enterica subsp.
arizonae, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae, S. enterica subsp. houtenae and S. enterica subsp.
indica.

These species and subspecies can be distinguished on the basis of differential characters (table
below).

Before the taxonomy of the genus Salmonella was established on scientific basis, S. enterica
subspecies were considered as subgenera and serovars were treated as species. Thus, there were
subgenera I (S. enterica subsp. enterica), II (S. enterica subsp. salamae), III (former genus
Arizona ; subdivided in IIIa, S. enterica subsp. arizonae, and IIIb, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae),
IV (S. enterica subsp. houtenae), V (S. bongori), and VI (S. enterica subsp. indica).

The way serovars were designated evolved with time. Some serovar names denoted syndrome
(S. typhi) or relationship	(S. paratyphi A, B, C). Other names were correlated with syndrome
and host specificity which was right in some cases (S. abortus-ovis, S. abortus-equi) or wrong in
other cases	(S. typhi-murium, S. cholerae-suis). To avoid possible sources of confusion, names
indicating geographical origin of the first strain of a new serovar (S. london, S. panama, S. tel-
el-kebir) were then used. At the International Congress of Microbiology held in Moscow (Int. J.
Syst. Bacteriol., 1968., 18, 191-196), it was decided that compound names would be hereafter
condensed in simple names (S. typhimurium, S. choleraesuis, S. telelkebir). These names,
wrongly considered as species names, were for this reason italicized. They are in fact without
taxonomic status, used to name bacteria frequently isolated in human or veterinary medicine. In
other bacterial species (Escherichia coli, for example) names have not been given to serovars
which are only designated by their antigenic formula. However, names of the most
frequently encountered Salmonella serovars are so familiar that it would be unrealistic to
suppress these names and to substitute their antigenic formula. Names were maintained only for
subspecies enterica serovars which account for more than 99.5% of isolated Salmonella strains.
These names must no longer be italicized. The first letter is a capital letter. In practice, for S.
enterica subsp. enterica, the subspecies name (subsp. enterica) does not need to be indicated as
only serovars of this subspecies bear a name. Serovars of other subspecies of S. enterica and
those of S. bongori are designated only by their antigenic formula. Therefore, the following
examples are correct : S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, or S. enterica serovar
Typhimurium, or Salmonella ser. Typhimurium. Designations such as S. Typhimurium or S.I,
S.II, S.IIIa, S.IIIb, S.IV, S.VI should be limited to laboratory notebooks since abbreviation (S.)
of a genus name (Salmonella) cannot stand alone without being followed by a specific epithet
(S. enterica).

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Differential characters of Salmonella species and subspecies

Species				S. enterica				S. bongori
Subspecies		enterica	salamae	arizonae	diarizonae	houtenae indica
Characters
Dulcitol		+	+	–	–	–	d	+
ONPG (2 h)		–	–	+	+	–	d	+
Malonate		–	+	+	+	–	–	–
Gelatinase		–	+	+	+	+	+	–
Sorbitol		+	+	+	+	+	–	+
	Growth with KCN	–	–	–	–	+	–	+
L(+)-tartrate(a)		+	–	–	–	–	–	–
Galacturonate		–	+	–	+	+	+	+
	γ-glutamyltransferase	+(*)	+	–	+	+	+	+
	ß-glucuronidase	d	d	–	+	–	d	–
Mucate		+	+	+	0%	–	+	+
Salicine		–	–	–	–	+	–	–
Lactose		–	–	0%	+ (75%)	–	d	–
	Lysed by phage O1	+	+	–	+	–	+	d
Usual habitat			Warm-blooded		Cold-blooded animals and environment
		animals
(a)	= d-tartrate.
(*)		= Typhimurium d, Dublin -.
+		= 90 % or more positive reactions.
–		= 90 % or more negative reactions.
d		= different reactions given by different serovars.

L. Le Minor, M. Véron, M. Popoff. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur), 1982, 133 B, 223-243 and 245-254.
L. Le Minor, M.Y. Popoff, B. Laurent, D. Hermant. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Microbiol., 1986, 137 B, 211-217.

Changes in serovar nomenclature

Some names appearing in previous editions of the scheme were deleted:

– those given to variants converted by lysogenization: e.g., Newhaw is now called Muenster
var. 15+, Arkansas is now called Muenster var. 15+,34+ as they correspond to variants of
serovar Muenster converted by phage ε15 or by phages ε15+ε34, respectively. The position of
these converted variants is essentially the same as the position of group O:4 (B) strains which
express after conversion, factor 1 and for which no new name had been proposed.

– those given before 1966 to serovars later found not to belong to subspecies enterica.

These names, suppressed from the scheme, are listed in appendix II. These names have only a
historic interest. This appendix also lists the names of serovars which have been combined with
serovars kept in the scheme. For example, Pullorum is considered as one among the biovars of
serovar Gallinarum (identical 1,9,12:-:- formula).

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Designation of the O groups.

Historically, O groups were first designated by letters. Since there were not enough letters, it
was necessary to continue with numbers 51 to 67. It is now more logical to designate each O
group using the characteristic O factor. Letters are provisionally kept into brackets. Ex. O:4 (B);
O:18 (K). It is advisable to abandon designation-by-letter which is unnecessary.

Old and new designations :

Old	New	Old	New	Old	New
A	2	G1-G2	13	Q	39
B	4	H	6,14	R	40
C1-C4	6,7	I	16	S	41
C2-C3	8	J	17	T	42
D1	9	K	18	U	43
D2	9,46	L	21	V	44
D3	9,46,27	M	28	W	45
E1-E2-E3	3,10	N	30	X	47
E4	1,3,19	O	35	Y	48
F	11	P	38	Z	50

Case of factor O:27 in group O:4

Production of factor O:27 in group O:4 was thought to be determined by a converting phage.
Therefore, in 1983, several pairs of serovars differing only by the presence of factor O:27 were
combined into single serovars. Reeves and coworkers (J Bacteriol. 2002. 184 :1669-1677)
showed that production of factor O:27 is in fact due to gene wzy α(1-6) located within the major O-
antigen cluster on the bacterial chromosome. To take this into account, we suppressed
underlining for this factor and provisionnally print factor O :27 into brackets – [27] – to indicate
variability when a named serotype includes both formulae (with and without O :27). Population
genetic methods will be used before any further revision of the antigenic formula nomenclature
associated with factor O:27.

Case of group O:54

Heterogenous group O:54 is provisionally kept. It has been demonstrated that O factor 54 is
plasmid-determined in 8 serovars. If the plasmid is lost, factor O:54 is no longer expressed (Ann.
Inst. Pasteur, 1985, 136 B, 169-179). The serovars listed below may be considered:

Tonev	as a variant	54+ of Minnesota
Winnipeg	as a variant	54+ of Ferruch
Poeseldorf	as a variant	54+ of Kentucky
	Ochsenwerder as a variant	54+ of Thompson
Steinwerder	as a variant	54+ of Orion var. 15+
Canton	as a variant	54+ of Hadar
Barry	as a variant	54+ of Mbandaka
Newholland	as a variant	54+ of Banana
8/166

Otherwise the formula of Uccle (3,54:g,s,t:-) corresponds to the formula of an undescribed
serovar 3…:g,s,t :-. As Orion var 15+, Steinwerder can express both factors 34 and 122 after
conversion by phage ε34.

Flagellar (H) antigens of the e,n,x/e,n,z15 complex
Composition of H antigens e,n,x and e,n,z15

Salmonella	H formula in scheme	Actual H factors	Factor x present
S. enterica subsp. enterica	e,n,x	e,n,x,z16	+
	e,n,x	e,n,x,z17 (very rare)	+
	e,n,z15	e,n,z15,z17	–
	e,n,x,z15	e,n,z15,z16	–
S. enterica subsp. salamae	e,n,x	e,n,z16	–
	e,n,z15	e,n,z15,z17	–
	e,n,x,z15	e,n,z15,z16	–
S. enterica subsp. diarizonae	e,n,x	e,n,z16	–
	e,n,x,z15	e,n,z15,z16	–
S. enterica subsp. houtenae	e,n,x	e,n,x,z17	+
S. enterica subsp. indica	e,n,x	e,n,x,z17	+
S. bongori	e,n,z15	e,n,z15,z17	–

Most e,n,x phases of S. enterica subsp. enterica (subspecies I) strains contain both factors x and
z16, and their formula is in fact e,n,x,z16. Exceptionnally, e,n,x phases can occur without z16 and
with z17. In contrast, factor x never occurs in strains of subspecies salamae (II) and diarizonae
(IIIb) even if the WKLM scheme indicates e,n,x or e,n,x,z15. The so-called factor x in their
formula is in fact z16.

All e,n,z15 phases have, in addition, factor z17. Factor z17 never occurs with e,n,x,z15 (which is in
fact, e,n,z15,z16).

Differential characters of serovars having the same global antigenic formula

Historically, different names have been given to serovars having the same antigenic formula and
differing by either biochemical characters, pathogenicity, or habitat.

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• Differentiation of serovars with formula 6,7:c:1,5 (Table below)

	Dulcitol	H2S	Mucate		Agglutination of H:c
					in sera
				S1	S2	S3
Paratyphi C (Vi+ or Vi-)	+	+	–	–	–	+
Choleraesuis	–	–	–	–	+	–
Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf	–	+	–	–	+	+
Choleraesuis var. Decatur	+	+	+	+	+	+
Typhisuis	–	–	–	–	+	+

S1	= Serum anti-Choleraesuis var. Decatur absorbed with Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf.
S2	= Serum anti-Choleraesuis var. Decatur absorbed with Paratyphi C.
S3	= Serum anti-Choleraesuis var. Decatur absorbed with Choleraesuis.

Typhisuis is a serovar adapted to pigs. Colonies are small. Dulcitol, L+(= d)tartrate negative in
contrast to the four other serovars.

Le Minor L. et al. Ann Inst. Pasteur/Microbiol., 1985, 136 B, 225-234.

• Differentiation of serovars with formula 1,9,12:a:1,5

Serovars Miami and Sendai are both kept in this scheme because they might be different.
Biochemical characters formerly used for their differentiation (xylose, arabinose, rhamnose,
H2S) can only be used to define biovars. The differentiation is now based on an essential
character : Sendai, which is adapted to man, is auxotrophic, i.e. does not grow on a minimal
medium with glucose or on Simmons’s citrate agar. On the contrary, Miami, which is ubiquist, is
prototrophic, i.e. grows on such minimal media.

• Differentiation of serovars with formula 4,12 :a :1,5

Serovars Hessarek (4,12,[27] :a :1,5) and Fulica (4,[5],12 :a :[1,5]), which formula could be
similar, are not combined because they differ by biochemical characters. Rhamnose, gas
production from glucose, dulcitol, trehalose, Simmons citrate, L(+) tartrate	(= d-tartrate),
mucate, H2S, and tetrathionate-reductase are positive for Hessarek and negative for Fulica. This
latter serovar is very rare.

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Presentation of the scheme. Symbols

In the first column of the table, are reported:
– the name of the serovar for S. enterica subsp. enterica;

– for other subspecies of S. enterica, the subspecies to which belongs the serovar is indicated by
the following symbol:
• II	for serovar of S. enterica subsp. salamae
	• IIIa for serovar of S. enterica subsp. arizonae
	• IIIb for serovar of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae
	• IV for serovar of S. enterica subsp. houtenae
• VI	for serovar of S. enterica subsp. indica

– for serovars of S. bongori, symbol “V” was retained to avoid confusion with serovar names of S.
enterica subsp. enterica.

The subfactors of O factors 40, 47, 48 and 50 are no longer mentioned as their identification is
unnecessary in current practice. O and H factors having the same symbol in the White-
Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme are always related, but not always identical in different serovars.
This table of antigenic formulae is a scheme designed for identification purposes. Details that
are unnecessary for the identification of serovars are not given in this scheme.

__ = Underlined O factors are determined by phage conversion (e.g. 6,14,18). They are
present only if the culture is lysogenized by the corresponding converting phage.
These factors are added to the factors present in non-converted strain (for example
6,7 -> 6,7,14) except in group O :3,10 (see below). These underlined factors are
mentioned in the table for serovars in which they were found. It is probable that this
situation may be encountered for all serovars in the same O group.

{} = O-factors indicated in curly brackets are exclusive. In a given serovar, factors in
curly brackets cannot coexist with other factors in curly brackets. Some factors may
be phage-determined (underlined). In group O:3,10, factors O:15 or O:15,34, when
present, replace O:10. To indicate this fact, the following symbols are used,
O :3,{10},{15},{15,34}.

[ ] = O (not underlined) or H factor that may be present or absent without relation to
phage conversion. Example : factor [5] of group O:4 (B). When H factors are in
square brackets, this means that they are exceptionally found in wild strains. For
example, most strains of Paratyphi A possess a monophasic antigen phase 1 (a). In
rare cases, diphasic strains with phase 2 H:1,5 may be isolated. For this reason, [1,5]
is mentioned in square brackets in the formula of this serovar.

( ) = O or H factor weakly agglutinable. H factor k, in S. enterica subsp. arizonae, is
weakly agglutinable by the standard k serum (prepared against S. enterica subsp.
enterica), but is normally agglutinable by polyvalent k serum (see “Guidelines for
the preparation of Salmonella antisera”).

Groups formerly called C4 (O:6,7,14), E2 (O:3,15), and E3 (O:3,15,34) contained respectively
serovars of group C1 lysogenized by phage 14 (O:6,7 -> O:6,7,14), and serovars of groups E1

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lysogenized by phage ε15 (O:3,10	-> O:3,15), or by phages ε15 and ε34	(O:3,10 -> O:3,15,34).
Serovars of these groups are included in group O:7 (C1) and O:3,10 (E1).

Presence or absence of accessory O factors (underlined or in square brackets) does not interfere
with serovar identification. These factors are only interesting as epidemiological markers within
a given serovar.

Lower case letter “l” and number “1” are difficult to distinguish in print. Associated with another
letter, it is letter “ell” (e.g. l,w). When associated with a number, it is number “one” (ex. 1,2).

Designation of “R phases” of H antigens.

These “abnormal” specificities of H antigens described by Kauffmann and first reported by him
for Typhi (Z. Hyg., 1936, 119, 103) were designated by R followed by the factor symbol, e.g. Rj
for Typhi, Rz	50 for Muenchen. The genetic basis of these « R phases » is only known in a few
cases. Factor j is the product of gene fliC-j which is Typhi fliC-d with a 261-nucleotide deletion.
Factor z66 of Typhi is an additionnal phase (coded by neither fliC nor fljB) the gene of which is
on a plasmid (Baker, S. et al., 2007, PLoS Pathogens, 3 :e59). In the scheme, three columns are
now devoted to H antigens, and R phases and third phases are given in the third column. Since
many R phases are agglutinable by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera but not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera,
these are now all designated by R1. The subdivision R1,10 – R1,11 … is no longer used, being of
little interest.

“R phases” of H antigens are uncommon. Their identification is usually done only by Reference
Centres. However, corresponding antisera are useful for phase inversion.

Information and references concerning the first isolation of each serovar.
They were collected in two books by E. Kelterborn:

• Salmonella-species. S. Hirzel, Leipzig, GDR, 1967.
• Catalogue of Salmonella first isolation 1965-1984. Gustav Fisher, Iena. GDR, 1987.

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Present number of serovars in each species and subspecies

S. enterica	2557
S. enterica subsp. enterica	1531
S. enterica subsp. salamae	505
S. enterica subsp. arizonae	99
S. enterica subsp. diarizonae	336
S. enterica subsp. houtenae	73
S. enterica subsp. indica	13
S. bongori	22
Total (genus Salmonella)	2579

13/166

14/166

WHITE-KAUFFMANN-LE MINOR SCHEME

ANTIGENIC FORMULAE

VALIDATED AS OF JANUARY 1st, 2007

15/166

16/166

Group O:2 (A)

Paratyphi A	1,2,12	a	[1,5]
Nitra	2,12	g,m	–
Kiel	1,2,12	g,p	–
Koessen	2,12	l,v	1,5

17/166

Group O:4 (B)

Presentation of factor O:27 was modified. See page 8.

Kisangani	1,4,[5],12	a	1,2
Hessarek1	4,12,[27]	a	1,5
Fulica1	4,[5],12	a	[1,5]
Arechavaleta	4,[5],12	a	1,7
Bispebjerg	1,4,[5],12	a	e,n,x
Tinda	1,4,12,27	a	e,n,z15
II	1,4,[5],12,[27]	a	e,n,x
Huettwilen	1,4,12	a	l,w
Nakuru	1,4,12,27	a	z6
II	1,4,12,[27]	a	z39
Paratyphi B2	1,4,[5],12	b	1,2	[z
				5],[z	33]
Limete	1,4,12,[27]	b	1,5
II	4,12	b	1,5
Canada	4,12,[27]	b	1,6
Uppsala	1,4,12,27	b	1,7
Abony	1,4,[5],12,[27]	b	e,n,x
II	1,4,[5],12,[27]	b	[e,n,x]
Wagenia	1,4,12,27	b	e,n,z15
Wien	1,4,12,[27]	b	l,w
Tripoli	1,4,12,27	b	z6
Schleissheim3	4,12,27	b	–
Legon	1,4,12,[27]	c	1,5
Abortusovis	4,12	c	1,6
Altendorf	4,12,[27]	c	1,7
Bissau	4,12	c	e,n,x
Jericho	1,4,12,27	c	e,n,z15
Hallfold	1,4,12,27	c	l,w
Bury	4,12,27	c	z6
Stanley	1,4,[5],12,[27]	d	1,2
Eppendorf	1,4,12,[27]	d	1,5
Brezany	1,4,12,27	d	1,6

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Schwarzengrund	1,4,12,27	d	1,7
II	4,12	d	e,n,x
Sarajane	1,4,[5],12,[27]	d	e,n,x
Duisburg	1,4,12,[27]	d	e,n,z15	[e,h]
Mons	1,4,12,27	d	l,w
Ayinde	1,4,12,27	d	z6
Chennai	4,12	d	z35
Saintpaul	1,4,[5],12	e,h	1,2
Reading4	1,4,[5],12	e,h	1,5	[R1…]
Eko	4,12	e,h	1,6
Kaapstad	4,12	e,h	1,7
Chester	1,4,[5],12	e,h	e,n,x
Sandiego	1,4,[5],12	e,h	e,n,z15
Chartres	1,4,12	e,h	l,w
II	4,12	e,n,x	1,2,7
II	1,4,12,[27]	e,n,x	1,[5],7
Derby	1,4,[5],12	f,g	[1,2]
Agona	1,4,[5],12	f,g,s	[1,2]	[z27],[z
				45]
II	1,4,[5],12	f,g,t	z6	z42
Essen	4,12	g,m	–
Hato	1,4,[5],12	g,m,s	[1,2]
II	1,4,12,[27]	g,[m],[s],t	e,n,x
II	1,4,12,[27]	g,[m],t	[1,5]
II	4,12	g,m,t	z39
California	4,12	g,m,t	[z67]
Kingston	1,4,[5],12,[27]	g,s,t	[1,2]	[z43]
Budapest	1,4,12,[27]	g,t	–
Travis	4,[5],12	g,z51	1,7
Tennyson	4,[5],12	g,z51	e,n,z15
II	4,12	g,z62	–
Banana	1,4,[5],12	m,t	[1,5]
Madras	4,[5],12	m,t	e,n,z15
Typhimurium	1,4,[5],12	i	1,2
Lagos	1,4,[5],12	i	1,5
Agama	4,12	i	1,6
Farsta	4,12	i	e,n,x
Tsevie	1,4,12	i	e,n,z15
Gloucester	1,4,12,27	i	l,w
Tumodi	1,4,12	i	z6
II	4,12,27	i	z35
Massenya	1,4,12,27	k	1,5

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Neumuenster	1,4,12,27	k	1,6
II	1,4,12,27	k	1,6
Ljubljana	4,12,27	k	e,n,x
Texas	4,[5],12	k	e,n,z15
Fyris	4,[5],12	l,v	1,2
Azteca	4,[5],12,[27]	l,v	1,5
Clackamas	4,12	l,v	1,6
Bredeney	1,4,12,27	l,v	1,7	[z
				40]
Kimuenza	1,4,12,27	l,v	e,n,x
II	1,4,12,27	l,v	e,n,x
Brandenburg	4,[5],12	l,v	e,n,z15
II	1,4,12,27	l,v	z39
Mono	4,12	l,w	1,5
Togo	4,12	l,w	1,6
II	4,12	l,w	e,n,x
Blancmesnil	4,12	l,w	e,n,z15
Ayton	1,4,12,27	l,w	z6
Kunduchi	1,4,[5],12,[27]	l,[z13],[z28]	1,2
Tyresoe	1,4,12,[27]	l,[z13],z28	1,5
Haduna	4,12	l,z13,[z28]	1,6
Kubacha	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	1,7
Kano	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
Vom	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Reinickendorf	4,12	l,z28	e,n,x
II	1,4,12	l,z28	[e,n,x]
Heidelberg	1,4,[5],12	r	1,2
Bradford	4,12,[27]	r	1,5
Winneba	4,12	r	1,6
Remo	1,4,12,27	r	1,7
Bochum	1,4,[5],12	r	l,w
Southampton	4,12,27	r	z6
Drogana	1,4,12,27	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Africana	4,12	r,i	l,w
Coeln	1,4,[5],12	y	1,2
Trachau	4,12,27	y	1,5
Finaghy	4,12	y	1,6
Teddington	1,4,12,27	y	1,7
Ball	1,4,[5],12,[27]	y	e,n,x
Jos	1,4,12,27	y	e,n,z15
Kamoru	1,4,12,27	y	z6
Shubra	4,[5],12	z	1,2

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Kiambu	1,4,12	z	1,5
II	1,4,12,27	z	1,5
Loubomo	4,12	z	1,6
Indiana	1,4,12	z	1,7
II	4,12	z	1,7
Neftenbach	4,12	z	e,n,x
II	1,4,12,27	z	e,n,x
Koenigstuhl	1,4,[5],12	z	e,n,z15
Preston	1,4,12	z	l,w
Entebbe	1,4,12,27	z	z6
II	4,12	z	z39
Stanleyville	1,4,[5],12,[27]	z4,z23	[1,2]
Vuadens	4,12,27	z4,z23	z6
Kalamu	1,4,[5],12	z4,z24	[1,5]
Haifa	1,4,[5],12	z10	1,2
Ituri	1,4,12	z10	1,5
Tudu	4,12	z10	1,6
Albert	4,12	z10	e,n,x
Tokoin	4,12	z10	e,n,z15
Mura	1,4,12	z10	l,w
Fortune	1,4,12,[27]	z10	z6
Vellore	1,4,12,27	z10	z35
Brancaster	1,4,12,27	z29	–
II	1,4,12	z29	e,n,x
Pasing	4,12	z35	1,5
Tafo	1,4,12,27	z35	1,7
Sloterdijk	1,4,12,27	z35	z6
Yaounde	1,4,12,27	z35	e,n,z15
Tejas	4,12	z36	–
Wilhelmsburg	1,4,[5],12,[27]	z38	[e,n,z15]
II	1,4,12,[27]	z39	1,[5],7
Thayngen	1,4,12,27	z41	1,(2),5
Maska	1,4,12,27	z41	e,n,z15
Abortusequi	4,12	–	e,n,x
Mygdal	4,12	z91	–

1 Rhamnose, gas from glucose, dulcitol, trehalose, Simmons citrate, L(+) tartrate (= d-tartrate), mucate, H2S, and
tetrathionate-reductase : + for Hessarek, – for Fulica. This latter serovar is very rare.

2 L(+) tartrate (= d-tartrate) positive variant is often referred to as var. Java.
3 Gelatinase +, dulcitol -.

4 R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

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Group O:7 (C1)

Strains in this group can be lysogenized by phage 14 (O:6,7 –> O:6,7,14, former group C4).

Sanjuan	6,7	a	1,5
II	6,7,14	a	1,5
Umhlali	6,7	a	1,6
Austin	6,7	a	1,7
Oslo	6,7,14	a	e,n,x
Denver	6,7	a	e,n,z15
Coleypark	6,7,14	a	l,w
Damman	6,7,14	a	z6
II	6,7	a	z6
II	6,7	a	z42
Brazzaville	6,7	b	1,2
Edinburg	6,7,14	b	1,5
Adime	6,7	b	1,6
Koumra	6,7	b	1,7
Lockleaze	6,7,14	b	e,n,x
Georgia	6,7	b	e,n,z15
II	6,7	b	[e,n,x]	z42
Ohio	6,7,14	b	l,w	[z59]
Leopoldville	6,7,14	b	z6
Kotte	6,7	b	z35
II	6,7	b	z39
Hissar	6,7,14	c	1,2
Paratyphi C1	6,7,[Vi]	c	1,5
Choleraesuis1	6,7	c	1,5
Typhisuis1	6,7	c	1,5
Birkenhead	6,7	c	1,6
Schwabach	6,7	c	1,7
Cotonou	6,7	c	z6
Namibia	6,7	c	e,n,x
Kaduna	6,7,14	c	e,n,z15
Kisii	6,7	d	1,2
Isangi	6,7,14	d	1,5

22/166

Kivu	6,7	d	1,6
Kambole	6,7	d	1,[2],7
Amersfoort	6,7,14	d	e,n,x
Gombe	6,7,14	d	e,n,z15
Livingstone	6,7,14	d	l,w
Wil	6,7	d	l,z13,z28
Nieukerk	6,7,14	d	z6
II	6,7	d	z42
Larochelle	6,7	e,h	1,2
Lomita	6,7	e,h	1,5
Norwich	6,7	e,h	1,6
Nola	6,7	e,h	1,7
Braenderup	6,7,14	e,h	e,n,z15
II	6,7	e,n,x	1,6	z42
Kastrup	6,7	e,n,z15	1,6
Rissen	6,7,14	f,g	–
Eingedi	6,7	f,g,t	1,2,7
Afula	6,7	f,g,t	e,n,x
Montevideo2	6,7,14	g,m,[p],s	[1,2,7]
II	6,7	g,m,[s],t	e,n,x
II	6,7	(g),m,[s],t	1,5
II	6,7	g,m,s,t	z39
II	6,7	g,[m],s,t	[z42]
Othmarschen	6,7,14	g,m,[t]	–
Plumaugat	6,7	g,s,q	–
Menston	6,7	g,s,[t]	[1,6]
II	6,7	g,t	[e,n,x]	z42
Riggil	6,7	g,(t)	–
Alamo	6,7	g,z51	1,5
Larose	6,7	g,z51	e,n,z15
IV	6,7	g,z51	–
Haelsingborg	6,7	m,p,t,[u]	–
Winston	6,7	m,t	1,6
Oakey	6,7	m,t	z64
II	6,7	m,t	–
Oranienburg	6,7,14	m,t	[z57]
Augustenborg	6,7,14	i	1,2
Oritamerin	6,7	i	1,5
Garoli	6,7	i	1,6
Lika	6,7	i	1,7
Athinai	6,7	i	e,n,z15

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Norton	6,7	i	l,w
Stuttgart	6,7,14	i	z6
Galiema	6,7,14	k	1,2
Thompson3	6,7,14	k	1,5	[R1…]
Daytona	6,7	k	1,6
Baiboukoum	6,7	k	1,7
Singapore	6,7	k	e,n,x
Escanaba	6,7	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	6,7	(k)	z	[z
				55]
II	6,7	k	[z6]
Concord	6,7	l,v	1,2
Irumu	6,7	l,v	1,5
IIIb	6,7	l,v	1,5,7
Mkamba	6,7	l,v	1,6
Kortrijk	6,7	l,v	1,7
Bonn	6,7	l,v	e,n,x
Potsdam	6,7,14	l,v	e,n,z15
Gdansk	6,7,14	l,v	z6
Coromandel	6,7	l,v	z35
IIIb	6,7	l,v	z53
Gabon	6,7	l,w	1,2
Colorado	6,7	l,w	1,5
II	6,7	l,w	1,5,7
Langeveld	6,7	l,w	e,n,z15
II	6,7	l,w	z42
Nessziona	6,7	l,z13	1,5
Kenya	6,7	l,z13	e,n,x
Neukoelln	6,7	l,z13,[z28]	e,n,z15
Makiso	6,7	l,z13,z28	z6
Strathcona	6,7	l,z13,z28	1,7
II	6,7	l,z28	1,5	[z42]
II	6,7	l,z28	e,n,x
II	6,7	l,z28	z6
Virchow	6,7,14	r	1,2
Infantis3	6,7,14	r	1,5	[R1…],[z37],[z45	],[z49]
Nigeria	6,7	r	1,6
Colindale	6,7	r	1,7
Papuana	6,7	r	e,n,z15
Grampian	6,7	r	l,w
Richmond	6,7	y	1,2
Bareilly	6,7,14	y	1,5

24/166

Oyonnax	6,7	y	1,6
Gatow	6,7	y	1,7
Hartford	6,7	y	e,n,x	[z67]
Mikawasima	6,7,14	y	e,n,z15	[z
				47],[z	50]
Chile	6,7	z	1,2
Poitiers	6,7	z	1,5
II	6,7	z	1,5
Oakland	6,7	z	1,6,[7]
Cayar	6,7	z	e,n,x
II	6,7	z	e,n,x
Businga	6,7	z	e,n,z15
Bruck	6,7	z	l,w
II	6,7	z	z6
II	6,7	z	z39
II	6,7	z	z42
Obogu	6,7	z4,z23	1,5
Planckendael	6,7	z4,z23	1,6
Aequatoria	6,7	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Goma	6,7	z4,z23	z6
II	6,7	z4,z23	_
IV	6,7	z4,z23	–
II	6,7	z4,z24	z42
Somone	6,7	z4,z24	–
IV	6,7	z4,z24	–
II	6,7	z6	1,7
Menden	6,7	z10	1,2
Inganda	6,7	z10	1,5
Eschweiler	6,7	z10	1,6
Ngili	6,7	z10	1,7
Djugu	6,7	z10	e,n,x
Mbandaka	6,7,14	z10	e,n,z15	[z37],[z45	]
Jerusalem	6,7,14	z10	l,w
Redba	6,7	z10	z6
Omuna	6,7	z10	z35
Tennessee	6,7,14	z29	[1,2,7]
II	6,7	z29	[z42]
Tienba	6,7	z35	1,6
Palime	6,7	z35	e,n,z15
Tampico	6,7	z36	e,n,z15
II	6,7	z36	z42
IV	6,7	z36	–

25/166

Rumford	6,7	z38	1,2	[z82]
Lille	6,7,14	z38	–	[z82]
IIIb	6,7,14	z39	1,2
II	6,7	z39	1,5,7
VI	6,7	z41	1,7
Hillsborough	6,7	z41	l,w
Tamilnadu	6,7	z41	z35
II	6,7	z42	1,[5],7
Bulovka	6,7	z44	–
II	6,7	–	1,6

1 See table “Differential characters of serovars having the same global antigenic formula” (chapter Taxonomy and
nomenclature of the genus Salmonella).

2 Plasmid-controlled factor O:54 may occur and mask factors O:6,7,14

3 R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

26/166

Group O:8 (C2-C3)

Groups O:6,8 (C2) and O:8 (C3) which differed only by the presence or absence of factor O:6,
were lumped together in a single group O:8.

Be	8,20	a	[z6]
Valdosta	6,8	a	1,2
Doncaster	6,8	a	1,5
Curacao	6,8	a	1,6
Nordufer	6,8	a	1,7
Narashino	6,8	a	e,n,x
II	6,8	a	e,n,x
Leith	6,8	a	e,n,z15
II	6,8	a	z39
II	6,8	a	z52
Djelfa	8	b	1,2
Skansen	6,8	b	1,2
Korbol	8,20	b	1,5
Nagoya	6,8	b	1,5
II	6,8	b	1,5
Stourbridge	6,8	b	1,6
Sanga	8	b	1,7
Eboko	6,8	b	1,7
Konstanz	8	b	e,n,x
Gatuni	6,8	b	e,n,x
Shipley	8,20	b	e,n,z15
Presov	6,8	b	e,n,z15
Bukuru	6,8	b	l,w
Heistopdenberg	8,20	b	l,w
Tounouma	8,20	b	z6
Banalia	6,8	b	z6
Wingrove	6,8	c	1,2
Gaillac	8,20	c	1,5
Utah	6,8	c	1,5
Bronx	6,8	c	1,6
Belfast	6,8	c	1,7

27/166

Alexanderpolder	8	c	l,w
Santiago	8,20	c	e,n,x
Belem	6,8	c	e,n,x
Quiniela	6,8	c	e,n,z15
Tado	8,20	c	z6
Virginia	8	d	1,2
Muenchen	6,8	d	1,2	[z67]
Yovokome	8,20	d	1,5
Manhattan	6,8	d	1,5	[z58]
Portanigra	8,20	d	1,7
Dunkwa	6,8	d	1,7
Sterrenbos	6,8	d	e,n,x
Herston	6,8	d	e,n,z15
Labadi	8,20	d	z6
II	6,8	d	z6	z42
Bardo	8	e,h	1,2
Newport	6,8,20	e,h	1,2	[z67], [z78]
Ferruch	8	e,h	1,5
Kottbus	6,8	e,h	1,5
Cremieu1	6,8	e,h	1,6	[R1…]
Atakpame	8,20	e,h	1,7
Fillmore	6,8	e,h	e,n,x
Tshiongwe	6,8	e,h	e,n,z15
Rechovot	8,20	e,h	z6
Sandow	6,8	f,g	e,n,z15
II	6,8	f,g,m,t	[e,n,x]
Emek	8,20	g,m,s	–
Chincol	6,8	g,m,[s]	[e,n,x]
II	6,8	g,m,t	1,7
Reubeuss	8,20	g,m,t	–
Alminko	8,20	g,s,t	–
Nanergou	6,8	g,s,t	–
Yokoe	8,20	m,t	–
II	6,8	m,t	1,5
II	6,8	m,t	e,n,x
Bassa	6,8	m,t	–
Lindenburg	6,8	i	1,2
Bargny	8,20	i	1,5
Takoradi	6,8	i	1,5
Warnow	6,8	i	1,6
Malmoe	6,8	i	1,7

28/166

Bonariensis	6,8	i	e,n,x
Aba	6,8	i	e,n,z15
Magherafelt	8,20	i	l,w
Cyprus	6,8	i	l,w
Kentucky	8,20	i	z6
Kallo	6,8	k	1,2
Haardt	8	k	1,5
Blockley	6,8	k	1,5	[z58]
Schwerin	6,8	k	e,n,x
Charlottenburg	6,8	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	8	(k)	z35
Pakistan	8	l,v	1,2
Litchfield	6,8	l,v	1,2
Loanda	6,8	l,v	1,5
Amherstiana	8	l,v	1,6
Manchester	6,8	l,v	1,7
Holcomb	6,8	l,v	e,n,x
II	6,8	l,v	e,n,x
Edmonton	6,8	l,v	e,n,z15
Lund	6,8	l,v	z6
Fayed	6,8	l,w	1,2
II	6,8	l,w	z6	z42
Hiduddify	6,8	l,z13,z28	1,5
Breukelen	6,8	l,z13,[z28]	e,n,z15
II	6,8	l,z28	e,n,x
Bsilla	6,8	r	1,2
Hindmarsh	8,20	r	1,5
	Bovismorbificans1 6,8,20	r,[i]	1,5	[R1…]
Noya	8	r	1,7
Akanji	6,8	r	1,7
Cocody	8,20	r,i	e,n,z15
Hidalgo	6,8	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Brikama	8,20	r,[i]	l,w
Goldcoast	6,8	r	l,w
IIIb	8	r	z
Altona	8,20	r,[i]	z6
Giza	8,20	y	1,2
Lamphun	6,8	y	1,2
Brunei	8,20	y	1,5
Tananarive	6,8	y	1,5
Bulgaria	6,8	y	1,6

29/166

II	6,8	y	1,6	z
42
Alagbon	8,20	y	1,7
Inchpark	6,8	y	1,7
Sunnycove	8	y	e,n,x
Daarle	6,8	y	e,n,x
Praha	6,8	y	e,n,z15
Kralingen	8,20	y	z6
Benue	6,8	y	l,w
Sindelfingen	8,20	y	l,w
Mowanjum	6,8	z	1,5
II	6,8	z	1,5
Marmande	6,8	z	1,7
Phaliron	8	z	e,n,z15
Kalumburu	6,8	z	e,n,z15
Kuru	6,8	z	l,w
Daula	8,20	z	z6
Bellevue	8	z4,z23	1,7
Lezennes	6,8	z4,z23	1,7
Breda	6,8	z4,z23	e,n,x
Chailey	6,8	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Dabou	8,20	z4,z23	l,w
Corvallis	8,20	z4,z23	[z6]
Albany	8,20	z4,z24	–	[z45]
Duesseldorf	6,8	z4,z24	–
Tallahassee	6,8	z4,z32	–
Bazenheid	8,20	z10	1,2
Zerifin	6,8	z10	1,2
Paris	8,20	z10	1,5
Mapo	6,8	z10	1,5
Cleveland	6,8	z10	1,7
Istanbul	8	z10	e,n,x
Hadar	6,8	z10	e,n,x
Chomedey	8,20	z10	e,n,z15
Glostrup	6,8	z10	e,n,z15
Remiremont	8,20	z10	l,w
Molade	8,20	z10	z6
Wippra	6,8	z10	z6
II	6,8	z29	1,5
II	6,8	z29	e,n,x	z42
Tamale	8,20	z29	[e,n,z15]
Uno	6,8	z29	[e,n,z15]

30/166

II	6,8	z29	e,n,x
Kolda	8,20	z35	1,2
Yarm	6,8	z35	1,2
Angers	8,20	z35	z6
Apeyeme	8,20	z38	–
Diogoye	8,20	z41	z6
Aesch	6,8	z60	1,2
1		R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

31/166

Group O:9 (D1)

Sendai1	1,9,12	a	1,5
Miami1	1,9,12	a	1,5
II	9,12	a	1,5
Os	9,12	a	1,6
Saarbruecken	1,9,12	a	1,7
Lomalinda	1,9,12	a	e,n,x
II	1,9,12	a	e,n,x
Durban	1,9,12	a	e,n,z15
II	9,12	a	z39
II	1,9,12	a	z42
Onarimon	1,9,12	b	1,2
Frintrop	1,9,12	b	1,5
Bata	9,12	b	1,7
II	1,9,12	b	e,n,x
Mana	9,12	b	e,n,z15
II	1,9,12	b	z6
II	1,9,12	b	z39
Goeteborg	9,12	c	1,5
Ipeko	9,12	c	1,6
Elokate	9,12	c	1,7
Alabama	9,12	c	e,n,z15
Ridge	9,12	c	z6
Ndolo	1,9,12	d	1,5
Tarshyne	9,12	d	1,6
Eschberg	9,12	d	1,7
II	1,9,12	d	e,n,x
Bangui	9,12	d	e,n,z15
Zega	9,12	d	z6
Jaffna	1,9,12	d	z35
II	9,12	d	z39
Typhi2	9,12[Vi]	d	–	[z66]
Bournemouth	9,12	e,h	1,2
Eastbourne	1,9,12	e,h	1,5

32/166

Westafrica	9,12	e,h	1,7
Israel	9,12	e,h	e,n,z15
II	9,12	e,n,x	1,[5],7
II	9,12	e,n,x	1,6
Berta	1,9,12	[f],g,[t]	–
Enteritidis3	1,9,12	g,m	–
Gueuletapee	9,12	g,m,s	–
Blegdam	9,12	g,m,q	–
II	1,9,12	g,m,[s],t	[1,5,7]	[z42]
II	1,9,12	g,m,s,t	e,n,x
Dublin	1,9,12[Vi]	g,p	–
Naestved	1,9,12	g,p,s	–
Rostock	1,9,12	g,p,u	–
Moscow	1,9,12	g,q	–
II	9,12	g,s,t	e,n,x
Newmexico	9,12	g,z51	1,5
II	1,9,12	g,z62	[e,n,x]
Antarctica	9,12	g,z63	–
Rosenberg	9,12	g,z85	–
II	9,12	m,t	e,n,x
Pensacola	1,9,12	m,t	[1,2]
II	1,9,12	m,t	1,5
II	1,9,12	m,t	z39
Seremban	9,12	i	1,5
Claibornei	1,9,12	k	1,5
Goverdhan	9,12	k	1,6
Mendoza	9,12	l,v	1,2
Panama4	1,9,12	l,v	1,5	[R1…]
Houston	9,12	l,v	1,5	d
Kapemba	9,12	l,v	1,7	[z40]
Zaiman	9,12	l,v	e,n,x
II	9,12	l,v	e,n,x
Goettingen	9,12	l,v	e,n,z15
II	9,12	l,v	z39
Victoria	1,9,12	l,w	1,5
II	1,9,12	l,w	e,n,x
Itami	9,12	l,z13	1,5
Miyazaki	9,12	l,z13	1,7
Napoli	1,9,12	l,z13	e,n,x
Javiana4	1,9,12	l,z28	1,5	[R1…]
Kotu	9,12	l,z28	1,6

33/166

II	9,12	l,z28	1,5	z42
II	9,12	l,z28	e,n,x
York	9,12	l,z28	e,n,z15
Jamaica	9,12	r	1,5
Camberwell	9,12	r	1,7
Yellowknife	9,12	r	e,n,x
Campinense	9,12	r	e,n,z15
Lome	9,12	r	z6
Powell	9,12	y	1,7
II	1,9,12	y	z39
Mulhouse	1,9,12	z	1,2
Lawndale	1,9,12	z	1,5
Kimpese	9,12	z	1,6
II	1,9,12	z	1,7
Aurelianis	9,12	z	e,n,z15
II	1,9,12	z	z6
II	9,12	z	z39
Wangata	1,9,12	z4,z23	[1,7]
Natal	9,12	z4,z24	–
Franken4	9,12	z6	z67	[R1…]
Portland	9,12	z10	1,5
Treguier	9,12	z10	z6
Ruanda	9,12	z10	e,n,z15
II	9,12	z29	1,5
II	1,9,12	z29	e,n,x
Penarth	9,12	z35	z6
Elomrane	1,9,12	z38	–
II	1,9,12	z39	1,7
Ottawa	1,9,12	z41	1,5
II	1,9,12	z42	1,[5],7
Gallinarum	1,9,12	–	–
1	Sendai (adapted to man) is auxotrophic, Miami is prototrophic.

2	Rare strains can have, as phase 1, H :j instead of H :d (261-nucleotide deletion in gene fliC). Independently,
rare strains can have an additionnal phase H :z66 determined by a plasmid-borne gene.

3	In addition to factors H:g,m, some strains may have factor H:p or H:f or H:t. Exceptional strains can have
antigen H:1,7 as second phase.

4	R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

34/166

Group O:9,46 (D2)

In this group, strains also have factors O:3 and (O:10), the latter being weak. They can be
lysogenized by phages ε15 and ε34. When doubly lysogenized, they become strongly
agglutinable (like group E strains) by sera O:34 and O:122.

Detmold	9,46	a	1,2
Baildon	9,46	a	e,n,x
Doba	9,46	a	e,n,z15
Montaigu	9,46	b	1,2
Cheltenham	9,46	b	1,5
Zadar	9,46	b	1,6
Worb	9,46	b	e,n,x
II	9,46	b	e,n,x
Bamboye	9,46	b	l,w
Linguere	9,46	b	z6
Kolar	9,46	b	z35
Argenteuil	1,9,46	c	1,7
Itutaba	9,46	c	z6
Ontario	9,46	d	1,5
Quentin	9,46	d	1,6
Strasbourg	9,46	d	1,7
Olten	9,46	d	e,n,z15
Plymouth	9,46	d	z6
Sontheim	9,46	d	z35
Bergedorf	9,46	e,h	1,2
Waedenswil	9,46	e,h	1,5
Guerin	9,46	e,h	z6
II	9,46	e,n,x	1,5,7
Wernigerode	9,46	f,g	–
Hillingdon	9,46	g,m	–
Macclesfield	9,46	g,m,s	1,2,7
II	9,46	g,[m],[s],t	[e,n,x]
Gateshead	9,46	g,s,t	–
II	9,46	g,z62	–

35/166

II	9,46	m,t	e,n,x
Sangalkam	9,46	m,t	–
Mathura	9,46	i	e,n,z15
Potto	9,46	i	z6
Marylebone	9,46	k	1,2
Cochin	9,46	k	1,5
Clontarf	9,46	k	1,6
Ceyco	9,46	k	z35
India	9,46	l,v	1,5
Geraldton	9,46	l,v	1,6
Toronto	9,46	l,v	e,n,x
Ackwepe	9,46	l,w	–
Nordrhein	9,46	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Deckstein	9,46	r	1,7
Shoreditch	9,46	r	e,n,z15
Sokode	9,46	r	z6
Benin	9,46	y	1,7
Irchel	9,46	y	e,n,x
Nantes	9,46	y	l,w
Mayday	9,46	y	z6
II	9,46	z	1,5
II	9,46	z	e,n,x
Bambylor	9,46	z	e,n,z15
II	9,46	z	z39
Ekotedo	9,46	z4,z23	–
II	9,46	z4,z24	z39	z42
Ngaparou	9,46	z4,z24	–
Lishabi	9,46	z10	1,7
Inglis	9,46	z10	e,n,x
Mahina	9,46	z10	e,n,z15
Louisiana	9,46	z10	z6
II	9,46	z10	z6
II	9,46	z10	z39
Ouakam	9,46	z29	–	[z45]
Hillegersberg	9,46	z35	1,5
Basingstoke	9,46	z35	e,n,z15
Trimdon	9,46	z35	z6
Fresno	9,46	z38	–
II	9,46	z39	1,7
Wuppertal	9,46	z41	–

36/166

Group O:9,46,27 (D3)

II	1,9,12,46,27	a	z6
II	1,9,12,46,27	c	z39
II	9,12,46,27	g,t	e,n,x
II	1,9,12,46,27	l,z13,z28	z39
II	1,9,12,46,27	y	z39
II	1,9,12,46,27	z4,z24	1,5
II	1,9,12,46,27	z10	1,5
II	1,9,12,46,27	z10	e,n,x
II	1,9,12,46,27	z10	z39

37/166

Group O:3,10 (E1)

In this group, strains can be lysogenized by phage ε15 (O:3,10 –> O:3,15, former group E2) then
by phage ε34 (O:3,15 –> O:3,15,34, former group E3). In these cases, factors O:15 or O:15,34
replace factor O:10 which is no more detected. Factors O:10, O:15 and O:15,34 are given in
curly brackets {} to indicate exclusivity. Factors O:15 and O:15,34 are given in the scheme
when occurring naturally.

Aminatu	3,10	a	1,2
Goelzau	3,{10}{15}	a	1,5
Oxford	3,{10}{15}{15,34} a		1,7
Masembe	3,10	a	e,n,x
II	3,10	a	e,n,x
Galil	3,10	a	e,n,z15
II	3,10	a	l,v
II	3,10	a	z39
Kalina	3,10	b	1,2
Butantan	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	b	1,5
Allerton	3,10	b	1,6
Huvudsta	3,{10}{15,34}	b	1,7
Benfica	3,10	b	e,n,x
II	3,10	b	e,n,x
Yaba	3,{10}{15}	b	e,n,z15
Epicrates	3,10	b	l,w
Wilmington	3,10	b	z6
Westminster	3,{10}{15}	b	z35
II	3,10	b	z39
Asylanta	3,10	c	1,2
Gbadago	3,{10}{15}	c	1,5
Ikayi	3,{10}{15}	c	1,6
Pramiso	3,10	c	1,7
Agege	3,10	c	e,n,z15
Anderlecht	3,10	c	l,w
Okefoko	3,10	c	z6

38/166

Stormont	3,10	d	1,2
Shangani	3,{10}{15}	d	1,5
Lekke	3,10	d	1,6
Onireke	3,10	d	1,7
Souza	3,{10}{15}	d	e,n,x
II	3,10	d	e,n,x
Madjorio	3,10	d	e,n,z15
Birmingham	3,{10}{15}	d	l,w
Weybridge	3,10	d	z6
Maron	3,10	d	z35
Vejle	3,{10}{15}	e,h	1,2	[z27]
Muenster	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	e,h	1,5	[z48]
Anatum	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	e,h	1,6	[z64]
Nyborg	3,{10}{15}	e,h	1,7
Newlands	3,{10}{15,34}	e,h	e,n,x
Lamberhurst	3,10	e,h	e,n,z15
Meleagridis	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	e,h	l,w
Sekondi	3,10	e,h	z6
II	3,10	e,n,x	1,7
Regent	3,10	f,g,[s]	[1,6]
Alfort	3,10	f,g	e,n,x
Suberu	3,10	g,m	–
Amsterdam	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	g,m,s	–
II	3,{10}{15}	g,m,s,t	[1,5]
Westhampton	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	g,s,t	–	[z37]
Bloomsbury	3,10	g,t	1,5
II	3,10	g,t	–
II	3,10	m,t	1,5
Southbank	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	m,t	[1,6]
II	3,10	m,t	e,n,x
Cuckmere	3,10	i	1,2
Amounderness	3,10	i	1,5
Tibati	3,10	i	1,6
Truro	3,10	i	1,7
Bessi	3,10	i	e,n,x
Falkensee	3,{10}{15}	i	e,n,z15
Hoboken	3,10	i	l,w
Yeerongpilly	3,10	i	z6
Wimborne	3,10	k	1,2
Zanzibar	3,{10}{15}	k	1,5
Serrekunda	3,10	k	1,7

39/166

Yundum	3,10	k	e,n,x
Marienthal	3,10	k	e,n,z15
Newrochelle	3,10	k	l,w
Nchanga	3,{10}{15}	l,v	1,2
Sinstorf	3,10	l,v	1,5
London	3,{10}{15}	l,v	1,6
Give	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	l,v	1,7	[d],[z
				77]
II	3,10	l,v	e,n,x
Ruzizi	3,10	l,v	e,n,z15
II	3,10	l,v	z6
Sinchew	3,10	l,v	z35
Assinie	3,10	l,w	z6	[z45]
Freiburg	3,10	l,z13	1,2
Uganda	3,{10}{15}	l,z13	1,5
Fallowfield	3,10	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Hoghton	3,10	l,z13,z28	z6
II	3,10	l,z28	1,5
Joal	3,10	l,z28	1,7
Lamin	3,10	l,z28	e,n,x
II	3,10	l,z28	e,n,x
II	3,10	l,z28	z39
Ughelli	3,10	r	1,5
Elisabethville	3,{10}{15}	r	1,7
Simi	3,10	r	e,n,z15
Weltevreden	3,{10}{15}	r	z6
Seegefeld	3,10	r,i	1,2
Dumfries	3,10	r,i	1,6
Amager	3,{10}{15}	y	1,2	[z45]
Orion	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	y	1,5
Mokola	3,10	y	1,7
Ohlstedt	3,{10}{15}	y	e,n,x
Bolton	3,10	y	e,n,z15
Langensalza	3,10	y	l,w
Stockholm	3,{10}{15}	y	z6
Fufu	3,10	z	1,5
II	3,10	z	1,5
Harleystreet	3,10	z	1,6
Huddinge	3,10	z	1,7
II	3,10	z	e,n,x
Clerkenwell	3,10	z	l,w
Landwasser	3,10	z	z6

40/166

II	3,10	z	z39
Adabraka	3,10	z4,z23	[1,7]
Wagadugu	3,10	z4,z23	z6
Florian	3,{10}{15}	z4,z24	–
II	3,10	z4,z24	–
Okerara	3,10	z10	1,2
Lexington	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	z10	1,5	[z
				49]
Harrisonburg	3,{10}{15}{15,34}	z10	1,6
Coquilhatville	3,10	z10	1,7
Podiensis	3,10	z10	e,n,x
Kristianstad	3,10	z10	e,n,z15
Biafra	3,10	z10	z6
Everleigh	3,10	z29	e,n,x
II	3,10	z29	[e,n,x]
Jedburgh	3,{10}{15}	z29	–
Ratchaburi	3,10	z35	1,6
Zongo	3,10	z35	1,7
II	3,10	z35	e,n,x,z15
Shannon	3,10	z35	l,w
Cairina	3,10	z35	z6
Macallen	3,10	z36	–
Sandaga	3,10	z38	1,2
Albertslund	3,10	z38	1,6
Bolombo	3,10	z38	[z6]
II	3,10	z38	z42
II	3,10	z39	1,[5],7
Dortmund	3,10	z41	1,[2],5
Pietersburg	3,{10}{15,34}	z69	1,7

41/166

Group O:1,3,19 (E4)

Niumi	1,3,19	a	1,5
Juba	1,3,19	a	1,7
Gwoza	1,3,19	a	e,n,z15
Alkmaar	1,3,19	a	l,w
Gnesta	1,3,19	b	1,5	[z37]
Visby	1,3,19	b	1,6
Tambacounda	1,3,19	b	e,n,x
Kande	1,3,19	b	e,n,z15
Broughton	1,3,19	b	l,w
Accra	1,3,19	b	z6
Eastglam	1,3,19	c	1,5
Bida	1,3,19	c	1,6
Madiago	1,3,19	c	1,7
Umbadah	1,3,19	d	1,2
Ahmadi	1,3,19	d	1,5
Wanatah	1,3,19	d	1,7
Liverpool	1,3,19	d	e,n,z15
Tilburg	1,3,19	d	l,w	[z49]
Niloese	1,3,19	d	z6
Vilvoorde	1,3,19	e,h	1,5
Hayindogo	1,3,19	e,h	1,6
Sanktmarx	1,3,19	e,h	1,7
Sao	1,3,19	e,h	e,n,z15
Calabar	1,3,19	e,h	l,w
Rideau	1,3,19	f,g	–
Petahtikve	1,3,19	f,g,t	1,7
Maiduguri	1,3,19	f,g,t	e,n,z15
Kouka	1,3,19	g,m,[t]	–
Senftenberg	1,3,19	g,[s],t	–	[z27],[z34	],[z37],[z43	],
					[z45], [z46],[z82]
Cannstatt	1,3,19	m,t	–
Stratford	1,3,19	i	1,2

42/166

Ouagadougou	1,3,19	i	1,5
Chichester	1,3,19	i	1,6
Machaga	1,3,19	i	e,n,x
Avonmouth	1,3,19	i	e,n,z15
Zuilen	1,3,19	i	l,w
Taksony	1,3,19	i	z6
Oesterbro	1,3,19	k	1,5
Bethune	1,3,19	k	1,7
Ngor	1,3,19	l,v	1,5
Parkroyal	1,3,19	l,v	1,7
Svedvi	1,3,19	l,v	e,n,z15
Fulda	1,3,19	l,w	1,5
Westerstede	1,3,19	l,z13	1,2
Winterthur	1,3,19	l,z13	1,6
Lokstedt	1,3,19	l,z13,z28	1,2
Stuivenberg	1,3,19	l,[z13],z28	1,5
Bedford	1,3,19	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Tomelilla	1,3,19	l,z28	1,7
Kindia	1,3,19	l,z28	e,n,x
Yalding	1,3,19	r	e,n,z15
Fareham	1,3,19	r,i	l,w
Gatineau	1,3,19	y	1,5
Thies	1,3,19	y	1,7
Slade	1,3,19	y	e,n,z15
Kinson	1,3,19	y	e,n,x
Krefeld	1,3,19	y	l,w
Korlebu	1,3,19	z	1,5
Kainji	1,3,19	z	1,6
Lerum	1,3,19	z	1,7
Schoeneberg	1,3,19	z	e,n,z15
Carno	1,3,19	z	l,w
Hongkong	1,3,19	z	z6
Sambre	1,3,19	z4,z24	–
Yenne	1,3,19	z10	1,5
Dallgow	1,3,19	z10	e,n,z15
Llandoff	1,3,19	z29	[z6]	[z37]
Catumagos	1,3,19	z35	1,5
Ochiogu	1,3,19	z38	[e,n,z15]
Chittagong	1,3,10,19	b	z35
Bilu	1,3,10,19	f,g,t	1,(2),7
Ilugun	1,3,10,19	z4,z23	z6

43/166

Dessau	1,3,15,19	g,s,t	–
Cannonhill	1,3,{10}{15},19	y	e,n,x

44/166

Group O:11 (F)

Gallen	11	a	1,2
Marseille	11	a	1,5
VI	11	a	1,5
Massilia	11	a	1,6
Toowong	11	a	1,7
Luciana	11	a	e,n,z15
II	11	a	e,n,z15	d
Epinay	11	a	l,z13,z28
II	11	a	z6	z42
Atento	11	b	1,2
Leeuwarden	11	b	1,5
Wohlen	11	b	1,6
VI	11	b	1,7
VI	11	b	e,n,x
Pharr	11	b	e,n,z15
Erfurt	11	b	z6
Chiredzi	11	c	1,5
Brindisi	11	c	1,6
II	11	c	e,n,z15
Woodinville	11	c	e,n,x
Ati	11	d	1,2
Gustavia	11	d	1,5
Chandans	11	d	[e,n,x]	[r]
Findorff	11	d	z6
Chingola	11	e,h	1,2
Adamstua	11	e,h	1,6
Redhill	11	e,h	l,z13,z28
Abuja	11	g,m	1,5
Missouri	11	g,s,t	–
II	11	g,[m],s,t	z39
IV	11	g,z51	–
Moers	11	m,t	–
II	11	m,t	e,n,x

45/166

Aberdeen	11	i	1,2
Brijbhumi	11	i	1,5
Heerlen	11	i	1,6
Veneziana	11	i	e,n,x
Pretoria	11	k	1,2
Abaetetuba	11	k	1,5
Sharon	11	k	1,6
Colobane	11	k	1,7
Kisarawe	11	k	e,n,x,[z15]
Mannheim	11	k	l,w
Amba	11	k	l,z13,z28
IIIb	11	k	z53
Stendal	11	l,v	1,2
Maracaibo	11	l,v	1,5
Fann	11	l,v	e,n,x
Bullbay	11	l,v	e,n,z15
IIIb	11	l,v	z	[z56]
IIIb	11	l,v	z53
Glidji	11	l,w	1,5
Tours	11	l,z13	1,2
Connecticut	11	l,z13,z28	1,5
Osnabrueck	11	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
II	11	l,z28	e,n,x
Senegal	11	r	1,5
Rubislaw	11	r	e,n,x
Clanvillian	11	r	e,n,z15
Euston	11	r,i	e,n,x,z15
Volta	11	r	l,z13,z28
Solt	11	y	1,5
Jalisco	11	y	1,7
Herzliya	11	y	e,n,x
Woumbou	11	y	e,n,x,z15
Crewe	11	z	1,5
Maroua	11	z	1,7
II	11	z	e,n,x
Nyanza	11	z	z6	[z83]
II	11	z	z39
Remete	11	z4,z23	1,6
Etterbeek	11	z4,z23	e,n,z15
IIIa	11	z4,z23	–
IV	11	z4,z23	–

46/166

Yehuda	11	z4,z24	–
IV	11	z4,z32	–
Wentworth	11	z10	1,2
Straengnaes	11	z10	1,5
Telhashomer	11	z10	e,n,x
Lene	11	z38	–
Maastricht	11	z41	1,2
II	11	–	1,5

47/166

Group O:13 (G)

Groups formerly designated O:13,22 (G1) and O:13,23 (G2) were lumped together in a group
which characteristic factor is O:13.

Chagoua	1,13,23	a	1,5
II	1,13,23	a	1,5
Mim	13,22	a	1,6
II	13,22	a	e,n,x
Wyldegreen	1,13,23	a	l,w
Marshall	13,22	a	l,z13,z28
II	1,13,23	a	z42
Ibadan	13,22	b	1,5
Mississippi	1,13,23	b	1,5
Oudwijk	13,22	b	1,6
II	1,13,23	b	[1,5]	z42
Bracknell	13,23	b	1,6
Rottnest	1,13,22	b	1,7
Vaertan	13,22	b	e,n,x
Ullevi	1,13,23	b	e,n,x
Bahati	13,22	b	e,n,z15
Durham	13,23	b	e,n,z15
Sanktjohann	13,23	b	l,w
II	1,13,22	b	z42
Haouaria	13,22	c	e,n,x,z15
Handen	1,13,23	d	1,2
II	13,22	d	1,5
Mishmarhaemek	1,13,23	d	1,5
Friedenau	13,22	d	1,6
Wichita	1,13,23	d	1,6	[z37]
Grumpensis	1,13,23	d	1,7
II	13,23	d	e,n,x
Diguel	1,13,22	d	e,n,z15

48/166

Telelkebir	13,23	d	e,n,z15
Putten	13,23	d	l,w
Isuge	13,23	d	z6
Tschangu	1,13,23	e,h	1,5
Willemstad	1,13,22	e,h	1,6
Vridi	1,13,23	e,h	l,w
II	1,13,23	e,n,x	1,[5],7
Raus	13,22	f,g	e,n,x
Havana	1,13,23	f,g,[s]	–	[z79]
Bron	13,22	g,m	[e,n,z15]
IIIb	13,22	g,m,s	z
Agbeni	1,13,23	g,m,[s],[t]	–
II	1,13,22	g,m,t	[1,5]
II	1,13,23	g,m,s,t	1,5
II	1,13,23	g,m,[s],t	[e,n,x]
II	1,13,23	g,m,s,t	z42
Newyork	13,22	g,s,t	–
Okatie	13,23	g,[s],t	–
II	1,13,22	g,t	[1,5]
II	13,22	g,t	z6
II	1,13,23	g,t	1,5
II	13,23	g,t	e,n,x
II	1,13,23	g,[s],t	z42
IIIa	1,13,23	g,z51	–
Washington	13,22	m,t	–
II	1,13,23	m,t	1,5
II	1,13,23	m,t	e,n,x
II	13,22	m,t	z42	z39
II	1,13,23	m,t	z42
Kintambo	1,13,23	m,t	–
V	1,13,22	i	–
Idikan	1,13,23	i	1,5
Myrria	13,23	i	1,7
Jukestown	13,23	i	e,n,z15
Kedougou	1,13,23	i	l,w
II	13,22	k	1,5	z42
Marburg	13,23	k	–
II	13,23	k	z41
Lovelace	13,22	l,v	1,5
IIIb	13,22	l,v	1,5,7
Borbeck	13,22	l,v	1,6

49/166

Nanga	1,13,23	l,v	e,n,z15
II	13,23	l,w	e,n,x
Taiping	13,22	l,z13	e,n,z15
II	13,22	l,z28	1,5
II	13,23	l,z28	1,5
II	13,23	l,z28	z6
II	1,13,23	l,z28	z42
V	13,22	r	–
Adjame	13,23	r	1,6
Linton	13,23	r	e,n,z15
Tanger	1,13,22	y	1,6
Yarrabah	13,23	y	1,7
Ordonez	1,13,23	y	l,w
Tunis	1,13,23	y	z6
Winslow	13,22	z	1,5
II	1,13,23	z	1,5
IIIb	13,23	z	1,5
Poona	1,13,22	z	1,6	[z44],[z
					59]
Farmsen	13,23	z	1,6
Bristol	13,22	z	1,7
Ivrysurseine	1,13,23	z	z6
Tanzania	1,13,22	z	e,n,z15
Worthington	1,13,23	z	l,w	[z43]
II	1,13,23	z	z42
II	13,22	z	–
Ried	1,13,22	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
IIIa	13,22	z4,z23	–
Ajiobo	13,23	z4,z23	–
IIIa	13,23	z4,z23,[z32]	–
Romanby	1,13,23	z4,z24	–
IIIa	13,23	z4,z24	–
Roodepoort	1,13,22	z10	1,5
II	1,13,22	z10	z6
Sapele	13,23	z10	e,n,z15
Demerara	13,23	z10	l,w
II	13,22	z29	1,5
II	13,22	z29	e,n,x
II	1,13,23	z29	1,5
II	1,13,23	z29	e,n,x
Agoueve	13,22	z29	–
Cubana	1,13,23	z29	–	[z37],[z43	]

50/166

Mampong	13,22	z35	1,6
Nimes	13,22	z35	e,n,z15
Picpus	13,23	z35	1,6
Anna	13,23	z35	e,n,z15
Leiden	13,22	z38	–
Fanti	13,23	z38	–
V	13,22	z39	_
II	13,22	z39	1,7
II	1,13,23	z39	1,5,7
II	1,13,23	[z42]	1,[5],7
II	13,23	–	1,6

51/166

Group O:6,14 (H)

Garba	1,6,14,25	a	1,5
VI	[1],6,14	a	1,5
VI	[1],6,14,[25]	a	e,n,x
Banjul	1,6,14,25	a	e,n,z15
Ndjamena	1,6,14,25	b	1,2
Kuntair	1,6,14,25	b	1,5
Tucson	[1],6,14,[25]	b	1,7
IIIb	(6),14	b	e,n,x
Blijdorp	1,6,14,25	c	1,5
Kassberg	1,6,14,25	c	1,6
Runby	1,6,14,25	c	e,n,x
Minna	1,6,14,25	c	l,w
Martonos	6,14,24	d	1,5
Finkenwerder	[1],6,14,[25]	d	1,5
Woodhull	1,6,14,25	d	1,6
Midway	6,14,24	d	1,7
Florida	[1],6,14,[25]	d	1,7
Lindern	6,14,[24]	d	e,n,x
Charity	[1],6,14,[25]	d	e,n,x
Teko	[1],6,14,[25]	d	e,n,z15
Encino	1,6,14,25	d	l,z13,z28
Albuquerque	1,6,14,24	d	z6
Bahrenfeld	6,14,[24]	e,h	1,5
Onderstepoort	1,6,14,[25]	e,h	1,5
Magumeri	1,6,14,25	e,h	1,6
Beaudesert	[1],6,14,[25]	e,h	1,7
V	6,14	e,n,z15	–
Warragul	[1],6,14,[25]	g,m	–
Caracas	[1],6,14,[25]	g,m,s	–
Sylvania	[1],6,14,[25]	g,p	–
Catanzaro	6,14	g,s,t	–
II	1,6,14	m,t	1,5
II	6,14	m,t	e,n,x

52/166

Kaitaan	1,6,14,25	m,t	–
Mampeza	1,6,14,25	i	1,5
Buzu	[1],6,14,[25]	i	1,7
Schalkwijk	6,14,[24]	i	e,n,z15
Moussoro	1,6,14,25	i	e,n,z15
Harburg	[1],6,14,[25]	k	1,5
II	6,14,[24]	k	1,6
II	6,14	k	e,n,x
IIIb	(6),14	k	z
II	1,6,14	k	z6	z
42
IIIb	(6),14	k	z53
Amberg	6,14,24	l,v	1,7
Boecker	[1],6,14,[25]	l,v	1,7
Horsham	1,6,14,[25]	l,v	e,n,x
Alpenquai	6,14	l,v	e,n,z15
IIIb	(6),14	l,v	z
IIIb	(6),14	l,v	z35
IIIb	(6),14	l,v	z53
VI	6,14	l,v	z88
Aflao	1,6,14,25	l,z28	e,n,x
Istoria	1,6,14,25	r,i	1,5
IIIb	(6),14	r	z
Surat	[1],6,14,[25]	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Carrau	6,14,[24]	y	1,7
Madelia	1,6,14,25	y	1,7
Fischerkietz	1,6,14,25	y	e,n,x
Mornington	1,6,14,25	y	e,n,z15
Homosassa	1,6,14,25	z	1,5
Kanifing	1,6,14,25	z	1,6
Soahanina	6,14,24	z	e,n,x
Sundsvall	[1],6,14,[25]	z	e,n,x
Royan	1,6,14,25	z	e,n,z15
Poano	[1],6,14,[25]	z	l,z13,z28
Arapahoe	6,14	z4,z23	1,5
Bousso	1,6,14,25	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
IV	6,14	z4,z23	–
Chichiri	6,14,24	z4,z24	–
Uzaramo	1,6,14,25	z4,z24	–
Nessa	1,6,14,25	z10	1,2
VI	1,6,14,25	z10	1,(2),7

53/166

II	1,6,14	z10	1,5
Laredo	1,6,14,25	z10	1,6
IIIb	(6),14	z10	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	(6),14	z10	z	[z56],[z90]
II	1,6,14	z10	z6	z42
IIIb	6,14	z10	z53
Potosi	6,14	z36	1,5
II	6,14	z36	–
Sara	1,6,14,25	z38	[e,n,x]
II	1,6,14	z42	1,6
IIIb	6,14	z52	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	[1],6,14,[25]	z52	z35

54/166

Group O:16 (I)

Hannover	16	a	1,2
Brazil	16	a	1,5
Amunigun	16	a	1,6
Nyeko	16	a	1,7
Togba	16	a	e,n,x
Fischerhuette	16	a	e,n,z15
Heron	16	a	z6
Hull	16	b	1,2
Melaka	16	b	1,2,5
Wa	16	b	1,5
Glasgow	16	b	1,6
Hvittingfoss	16	b	e,n,x
II	16	b	e,n,x
Sangera	16	b	e,n,z15
Vegesack	16	b	l,w
Malstatt	16	b	z6
II	16	b	z39
II	16	b	z42
Vancouver	16	c	1,5
Gafsa	16	c	1,6
Shamba	16	c	e,n,x
Hithergreen	16	c	e,n,z15
Yoruba	16	c	l,w
Oldenburg	16	d	1,2
Sculcoates	16	d	1,5
II	16	d	1,5
Sherbrooke	16	d	1,6
Gaminara	16	d	1,7
Barranquilla	16	d	e,n,x
II	16	d	e,n,x
Nottingham	16	d	e,n,z15
Caen	16	d	l,w	[z82]
Barmbek	16	d	z6

55/166

Malakal	16	e,h	1,2
Saboya	16	e,h	1,5
Astridplein	16	e,h	1,6
Rhydyfelin	16	e,h	e,n,x
Moabit	16	e,h	l,w
Weston	16	e,h	z6
II	16	e,n,x	1,(5),7
II	16	e,n,x	1,6	z42
Tees	16	f,g	–	[z37]
Adeoyo	16	g,m,[t]	–
Nikolaifleet	16	g,m,s	–
II	16	g,[m],[s],t	[1,5]	[z
				42]
II	16	g,[m],[s],t	[e,n,x]
Cardoner	16	g,s,t	–
II	16	m,t	e,n,x
Morbihan	16	m,t	e,n,z15
II	16	m,t	[z42]
Mpouto	16	m,t	–
Amina	16	i	1,5
Agbara	16	i	1,6
Wisbech	16	i	1,7
Frankfurt	16	i	e,n,z15
Pisa	16	i	l,w
Abobo	16	i	z6
IIIb	16	i	z35
Szentes	16	k	1,2
Maumee	16	k	1,6
Nuatja	16	k	e,n,x
Orientalis	16	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	16	(k)	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	16	k	z
IIIb	16	(k)	z35
IIIb	16	k	z53
IIIb	16	l,v	1,5,7
Shanghai	16	l,v	1,6	[z45]
Welikade	16	l,v	1,7
Salford	16	l,v	e,n,x
Burgas	16	l,v	e,n,z15
IIIb	16	l,v	z	[z61]
Losangeles	16	l,v	z6
IIIb	16	l,v	z35

56/166

IIIb	16	l,v	z53
Zigong	16	l,w	1,5
Westeinde	16	l,w	1,6
Brooklyn	16	l,w	e,n,x
Lomnava	16	l,w	e,n,z15
Essingen	16	l,w	z6
II	16	l,w	z6
Mandera	16	l,z13	e,n,z15
Enugu	16	l,[z13],z28	[1,5]
Battle	16	l,z13,z28	1,6
Ablogame	16	l,z13,z28	z6
Koblenz	16	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
II	16	l,z28	z42
Rovaniemi	16	r,i	1,5
Ivory	16	r	1,6
Brunflo	16	r	1,7
Lehrte	16	r	z6
Annedal	16	r,i	e,n,x
Zwickau	16	r,i	e,n,z15
Saphra	16	y	1,5
Akuafo	16	y	1,6
Kikoma	16	y	e,n,x
Avignon	16	y	e,n,z15
Gerland	16	z	1,5
Fortlamy	16	z	1,6
Lingwala	16	z	1,7
Kassel	16	z	e,n,x
II	16	z	e,n,x
Brevik	16	z	e,n,[x],z15
Bouake	16	z	z6
II	16	z	z42
Kibi	16	z4,z23	[1,6]
Axim	16	z4,z23	z6
II	16	z4,z23	–
IV	16	z4,z23	–
Kaevlinge	16	z4,z24	_
II	16	z4,z24	–
IV	16	z4,z24	–
IV	16	z4,z32	–
II	16	z6	1,6
Badagry	16	z10	1,5

57/166

IIIb	16	z10	1,7
Lisboa	16	z10	1,6
IIIb	16	z10	e,n,x,z15
Redlands	16	z10	e,n,z15
Angouleme	16	z10	z6
Saloniki	16	z29	–
II	16	z29	1,5
II	16	z29	e,n,x
Trier	16	z35	1,6
Dakota	16	z35	e,n,z15
II	16	z35	e,n,x
IV	16	z36	–
II	16	z36	e,n,z15
Naware	16	z38	–
Grancanaria	16	z39	[1,6]
II	16	z42	1,(5),7
II	16	z42	1,6
IIIb	16	z52	z35

58/166

Group O:17 (J)

Bonames	17	a	1,2
Jangwani	17	a	1,5
Kinondoni	17	a	e,n,x
Kirkee	17	b	1,2
Dahra	17	b	1,5
Mattenhof	17	b	e,n,x
II	17	b	e,n,x,z15
Bignona	17	b	e,n,z15
II	17	b	z6
Luedinghausen	17	c	1,5
Victoriaborg	17	c	1,6
II	17	c	z39
Berlin	17	d	1,5
Karlshamn	17	d	e,n,z15
Niamey	17	d	l,w
Jubilee	17	e,h	1,2
II	17	e,n,x,z15	1,6
II	17	e,n,x,z15	1,[5],7
II	17	g,m,s,t	–
Lowestoft	17	g,s,t	–
II	17	g,t	[e,n,x,z15]
II	17	g,t	z39
Bama	17	m,t	–
II	17	m,t	–
Ahanou	17	i	1,7
IIIb	17	i	z35
Irenea	17	k	1,5
Bandim	17	k	1,6
Warri	17	k	1,7
Matadi	17	k	e,n,x
Zaria	17	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	17	k	z

59/166

II	17	k	–
Morotai	17	l,v	1,2
Michigan	17	l,v	1,5
Lancaster	17	l,v	1,7
Carmel	17	l,v	e,n,x
IIIb	17	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	17	l,v	z35
Granlo	17	l,z28	e,n,x
Lode	17	r	1,2
IIIb	17	r	z
II	17	y	–
Tendeba	17	y	e,n,x
Hadejia	17	y	e,n,z15
Lokomo	17	y	l,w
Gori	17	z	1,2
Warengo	17	z	1,5
Dingiri	17	z	1,6
II	17	z	1,7
Tchamba	17	z	e,n,z15
II	17	z	l,w	z42
IIIa	17	z4,z23	–
IIIa	17	z4,z23,z32	–
IIIa	17	z4,z24	–
IIIa	17	z4,z32	–
Djibouti	17	z10	e,n,x
IIIb	17	z10	e,n,x,z15	[z56]
IIIb	17	z10	z
II	17	z10	–
Kandla	17	z29	–
IIIa	17	z29	–
IV	17	z29	–
Aachen	17	z35	1,6
IIIa	17	z36	–
IV	17	z36	–

60/166

Group O:18 (K)

Brazos	6,14,18	a	e,n,z15
Fluntern	6,14,18	b	1,5
Cochise	18	b	1,7
Rawash	6,14,18	c	e,n,x
Groenekan	18	d	1,5
Usumbura	6,14,18	d	1,7
Pontypridd	18	g,m	–
Eaubonne	18	g,s,t	–
IIIa	18	g,z51	–
IV	18	g,z51	–
II	18	m,t	1,5
Langenhorn	18	m,t	–
Memphis	18	k	1,5
IIIb	18	(k)	z53
IIIb	18	(k)	z54
IIIb	18	l,v	e,n,x,z15
Orlando	18	l,v	e,n,z15
IIIb	18	l,v	z	[z50]
IIIb	18	l,v	z53
Toulon	18	l,w	e,n,z15
Tennenlohe	18	r	1,5
IIIb	18	r	z
Troy	18	y	1,7
II	18	y	e,n,x,z15
Potengi	18	z	–
Cerro	6,14,18	z4,z23	[1,5]	[z45],[z82	]
Aarhus	18	z4,z23	z64
II	18	z4,z23	–
IIIa	18	z4,z23	–
Blukwa	6,14,18	z4,z24	–
II	18	z4,z24	–
IIIa	18	z4,z32	–

61/166

IIIb	18	z10	e,n,x,z15
Leer	18	z10	1,5
Carnac	18	z10	z6
II	18	z10	z6
II	18	z36	–
IV	18	z36,z38	–
Sinthia	18	z38	–
Delmenhorst	18	z71	–
Cotia	18	–	1,6

62/166

Group O:21 (L)

Assen	21	a	[1,5]
II	21	b	1,5
Ghana	21	b	1,6
Minnesota	21	b	e,n,x	[z
				33],[z	49]
Hydra	21	c	1,6
Rhone	21	c	e,n,x
II	21	c	e,n,x
IIIb	21	c	e,n,x,z15
Spartel	21	d	1,5
Magwa	21	d	e,n,x
Madison	21	d	z6
Good	21	f,g	e,n,x
II	21	g,[m],[s],t	–
IIIa	21	g,z51	–
IV	21	g,z51	–
II	21	m,t	–
IV	21	m,t	–
Diourbel	21	i	1,2
IIIb	21	i	1,5,7
IIIb	21	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	21	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	21	k	z
Surrey	21	k	1,(2),5
IIIb	21	l,v	z
IIIb	21	l,v	z57
Keve	21	l,w	–
Jambur	21	l,z28	e,n,z15
Mountmagnet	21	r	–
IIIb	21	r	z
Ibaragi	21	y	1,2
Ruiru	21	y	e,n,x
II	21	z	–
Baguida	21	z4,z23	–
IIIa	21	z4,z23	–

63/166

IV	21	z4,z23	–
II	21	z4,z24	–
IIIa	21	z4,z24	–
IV	21	z4,z32	–
IIIb	21	z10	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	21	z10	z
II	21	z10	[z6]
IIIb	21	z10	z53
IIIa	21	z29	–
Gambaga	21	z35	e,n,z15
IIIa	21	z36	–
IV	21	z36	–
IIIb	21	z65	e,n,x,z15

64/166

Group O:28 (M)

Solna	28	a	1,5
Dakar	28	a	1,6
Bakau	28	a	1,7
Seattle	28	a	e,n,x
II	28	a	e,n,x
Honelis	28	a	e,n,z15
Dibra	28	a	z6
Moero	28	b	1,5
Ashanti	28	b	1,6
Bokanjac	28	b	1,7
Soumbedioune	28	b	e,n,x
II	28	b	e,n,x
Langford	28	b	e,n,z15
Freefalls	28	b	l,w
II	28	b	z6
Hermannswerder	28	c	1,5
Eberswalde	28	c	1,6
Halle	28	c	1,7
Dresden	28	c	e,n,x
Wedding	28	c	e,n,z15
Techimani	28	c	z6
Amoutive	28	d	1,5
Hatfield	28	d	1,6
Mundonobo	28	d	1,7
Mocamedes	28	d	e,n,x
Patience	28	d	e,n,z15
Cullingworth	28	d	l,w
Korkeasaari	28	e,h	1,5
Kpeme	28	e,h	1,7
Gozo	28	e,h	e,n,z15
II	28	e,n,x	1,7
II	28	e,n,z15	z87
Friedrichsfelde	28	f,g	–

65/166

Yardley	28	g,m	1,6
Abadina	28	g,m	[e,n,z15]
II	28	g,(m),[s],t	1,5
Croft	28	g,m,s	[e,n,z15]
II	28	g,m,t	e,n,x
II	28	g,m,t	z39
II	28	g,s,t	e,n,x
Ona	28	g,s,t	–
II	28	m,t	[e,n,x]
Vinohrady	28	m,t	[e,n,z15]
II	28	m,t	z39
Morillons	28	m,t	1,6
Doorn	28	i	1,2
Cotham	28	i	1,5
Volkmarsdorf	28	i	1,6
Dieuppeul	28	i	1,7
Warnemuende	28	i	e,n,x
Kuessel	28	i	e,n,z15
Douala	28	i	l,w
Guildford	28	k	1,2
Ilala	28	k	1,5
Adamstown	28	k	1,6
Ikeja	28	k	1,7
IIIb	28	k	1,7
Taunton	28	k	e,n,x
Ank	28	k	e,n,z15
Leoben	28	l,v	1,5
Vitkin	28	l,v	e,n,x
Nashua	28	l,v	e,n,z15
Ramsey	28	l,w	1,6
Catalunia	28	l,z13,z28	1,5
Penilla	28	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
II	28	l,z28	1,5
Fajara	28	l,z28	e,n,x
II	28	l,z28	e,n,x
Bassadji	28	r	1,6
Kibusi	28	r	e,n,x
II	28	r	e,n,z15
Fairfield	28	r	l,w
Chicago	28	r,[i]	1,5
Banco	28	r,i	1,7

66/166

Sanktgeorg	28	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Oskarshamn	28	y	1,2
Nima	28	y	1,5
Pomona	28	y	1,7	[z
				80],[z	90]
Kitenge	28	y	e,n,x
Telaviv	28	y	e,n,z15
Shomolu	28	y	l,w
Selby	28	y	z6
Vanier	28	z	1,5
II	28	z	1,5
Doel	28	z	1,6
Ezra	28	z	1,7
Brisbane	28	z	e,n,z15
II	28	z	z39
Cannobio	28	z4,z23	1,5
Teltow	28	z4,z23	1,6
Babelsberg	28	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Kethiabarny	28	z4,z24	–
Rogy	28	z10	1,2
Farakan	28	z10	1,5
Libreville	28	z10	1,6
Malaysia	28	z10	1,7
Umbilo	28	z10	e,n,x
Luckenwalde	28	z10	e,n,z15
Moroto	28	z10	l,w
IIIb	28	z10	z
Djermaia	28	z29	–
II	28	z29	1,5
II	28	z29	e,n,x
Konolfingen	28	z35	1,6
Babili	28	z35	1,7
Santander	28	z35	e,n,z15
Aderike	28	z38	e,n,z15

67/166

Group O:30 (N)

Overvecht	30	a	1,2
Zehlendorf	30	a	1,5
Guarapiranga	30	a	e,n,x
Doulassame	30	a	e,n,z15
II	30	a	z39
Louga	30	b	1,2
Aschersleben	30	b	1,5
Tempe	30	b	1,7	[z33]
Urbana	30	b	e,n,x
Neudorf	30	b	e,n,z15
II	30	b	z6
Zaire	30	c	1,7
Morningside	30	c	e,n,z15
II	30	c	z39
Messina	30	d	1,5
Livulu	30	e,h	1,2
Torhout	30	e,h	1,5
Godesberg	30	g,m,[t]	–
II	30	g,m,s	e,n,x
Giessen	30	g,m,s	–
Sternschanze	30	g,s,t	–	[z59]
II	30	g,t	–
Wayne	30	g,z51	–
II	30	m,t	–
Landau	30	i	1,2
Morehead	30	i	1,5
Mjordan	30	i	e,n,z15
Soerenga	30	i	l,w
Hilversum	30	k	1,2
Ramatgan	30	k	1,5
Aqua	30	k	1,6
Angoda	30	k	e,n,x

68/166

Odozi	30	k	e,n,[x],z15
II	30	k	e,n,x,z15
Scarborough	30	k	l,z13,z28
Ligeo	30	l,v	1,2
Donna	30	l,v	1,5
Ockenheim	30	l,z13,z28	1,6
Morocco	30	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
II	30	l,z28	z6
Grandhaven	30	r	1,2
Gege	30	r	1,5
Quincy	30	r	1,6
Matopeni	30	y	1,2
Bietri	30	y	1,5
Steinplatz	30	y	1,6
Baguirmi	30	y	e,n,x
Nijmegen	30	y	e,n,z15
Hohentwiel	30	z	e,n,x,z15
Stoneferry	30	z4,z23	–
Bodjonegoro	30	z4,z24	–
II	30	z6	1,6
Sada	30	z10	1,2
Senneville	30	z10	1,5
Kumasi	30	z10	e,n,z15
II	30	z10	e,n,x,z15
Aragua	30	z29	–
Kokoli	30	z35	1,6
Wuiti	30	z35	e,n,z15
Ago	30	z38	–
II	30	z39	1,7

69/166

Group O:35 (O)

Umhlatazana	35	a	e,n,z15
Tchad	35	b	–
Keurmassar	35	c	1,2
Gouloumbo	35	c	1,5
Yolo	35	c	[e,n,z15]
II	35	d	1,5
Dembe	35	d	l,w	[z58]
Gassi	35	e,h	z6
Adelaide	35	f,g	–	[z
				27]
Ealing	35	g,m,s	–
II	35	g,m,s,t	–
Ebrie	35	g,m,t	–
Anecho	35	g,s,t	–
II	35	g,t	1,5
II	35	g,t	z42
Agodi	35	g,t	–
IIIa	35	g,z51	–
Monschaui	35	m,t	–
II	35	m,t	–
IIIb	35	i	e,n,x,z15
Gambia	35	i	e,n,z15
Bandia	35	i	l,w
IIIb	35	i	z
Evry	35	i	z6
IIIb	35	i	z35
IIIb	35	i	z53
IIIb	35	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	35	k	z
IIIb	35	(k)	z35
IIIb	35	k	z53	[z50]
IIIb	35	l,v	1,5,7
IIIb	35	l,v	e,n,x,z15	[z50]
IIIb	35	l,v	z35	[z67]

70/166

II	35	l,z28	–
IIIb	35	r	e,n,x,z15
Massakory	35	r	l,w
IIIb	35	r	z
IIIb	35	r	z35
IIIb	35	r	z61
Alachua	35	z4,z23	–	[z37],[z45]
IIIa	35	z4,z23	–
Westphalia	35	z4,z24	–
IIIa	35	z4,z24	–
IIIa	35	z4,z32	–
Camberene	35	z10	1,5
Enschede	35	z10	l,w
Ligna	35	z10	z6
IIIb	35	z10	z35
II	35	z29	e,n,x
Widemarsh	35	z29	–
IIIa	35	z29	–
IIIa	35	z36	–
Haga	35	z38	–
IIIb	35	z52	1,5,7
IIIb	35	z52	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	35	z52	z
IIIb	35	z52	z35

71/166

Group O:38 (P)

Oran	38	a	e,n,z15
II	38	b	1,2
Rittersbach	38	b	e,n,z15
Sheffield	38	c	1,5
Kidderminster	38	c	1,6	[z
				58]
Willamette	38	d	1,5
II	38	d	[1,5]
II	38	d	z39
Thiaroye	38	e,h	1,2
Kasenyi	38	e,h	1,5
Korovi	38	g,m,[s]	–
II	38	g,t	–
IIIa	38	g,z51	–
IV	38	g,z51	–
Rothenburgsort	38	m,t	–
Mgulani	38	i	1,2
Lansing	38	i	1,5
IIIb	38	i	z
IIIb	38	i	z53
Echa	38	k	1,2
Mango	38	k	1,5
Inverness	38	k	1,6
Njala	38	k	e,n,x
IIIb	38	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	38	k	z
IIIb	38	k	z53
IIIb	38	(k)	1,5,7
IIIb	38	(k)	z35	[z56]
IIIb	38	(k)	–
IIIb	38	(k)	z55
Alger	38	l,v	1,2
Kimberley	38	l,v	1,5

72/166

Taylor	38	l,v	e,n,z15
Roan	38	l,v	e,n,x
IIIb	38	l,v	z
IIIb	38	l,v	z35
IIIb	38	l,v	[z53]	[z54]
Lindi	38	r	1,5
IIIb	38	r	1,5,7
Emmastad	38	r	1,6
IIIb	38	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	38	r	z	[z57]
IIIb	38	r	z35
Freetown	38	y	1,5
Colombo	38	y	1,6
Perth	38	y	e,n,x
Stachus	38	z	–
Yoff	38	z4,z23	1,2
IIIa	38	z4,z23	–
IV	38	z4,z23	–
Bangkok	38	z4,z24	–
Neunkirchen	38	z10	[1,5]
IIIb	38	z10	z
IIIb	38	z10	z53
Carpentras	38	z35	e,n,z15
Klouto	38	z38	–
IIIb	38	z52	z35
IIIb	38	z52	z53
IIIb	38	z53	–	[z47],[z50	],[z76]
IIIb	38	z61	[z53]

73/166

Group O:39 (Q)

II	39	a	z39
Wandsworth	39	b	1,2
Abidjan	39	b	l,w
II	39	c	e,n,x
Logone	39	d	1,5
Bruebach	39	e,h	1,2
Mara	39	e,h	1,5
II	39	e,n,x	1,7
Dietrichsdorf	39	m,t	–
II	39	[g],m,t	[e,n,x]
Hofit	39	i	1,5
Cumberland	39	i	e,n,x
Alma	39	i	e,n,z15
Champaign	39	k	1,5	[z48]
Newjersey	39	k	e,n,x
II	39	l,v	1,5
Kokomlemle	39	l,v	e,n,x
Oerlikon	39	l,v	e,n,z15
II	39	l,z28	e,n,x
II	39	l,z28	z39
Anfo	39	y	1,2
Windermere	39	y	1,5
Delan	39	y	e,n,z15
Namur	39	z4,z23	–
Hegau	39	z10	–
II	39	z10	z6
II	39	–	1,7

74/166

Group O:40 (R)

Shikmonah	40	a	1,5
Salinas	40	a	1,7
Greiz	40	a	z6
II	40	a	z39
Riogrande	40	b	1,5
Saugus	40	b	1,7
Johannesburg	1,40	b	e,n,x
Duval	1,40	b	e,n,z15
Benguella	40	b	z6
II	40	b	–
II	1,40	c	e,n,x,z15
II	40	c	z6
II	1,40	c	z39
Driffield	1,40	d	1,5
II	40	d	–
Tilene	1,40	e,h	1,2
II	1,40	e,n,x	1,[5],7
II	1,40	e,n,x,z15	1,6
Bijlmer	1,40	g,m	–
Athens	1,40	g,m,s	e,n,x
II	1,40	g,[m],[s],[t]	e,n,x
II	1,40	g,[m],[s],t	[1,5]
II	1,40	g,t	e,n,x,z15
II	40	g,t	z39
IV	1,40	g,t	–
II	1,40	g,[m],[s],t	z42
IIIa	40	g,z51	–
IIIb	40	g,z51	e,n,x,z15
IV	1,40	g,z51	–
II	40	m,t	e,n,x
II	40	m,t	z39
II	1,40	m,t	z42
IV	40	m,t	–
IIIb	40	i	1,5,7

75/166

Goulfey	1,40	k	1,5
Allandale	1,40	k	1,6
Hann	40	k	e,n,x
II	1,40	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	40	k	z	z57
II	40	k	z6
IIIb	40	k	z53
Millesi	1,40	l,v	1,2
Canary	40	l,v	1,6
II	40	l,v	e,n,x
IIIb	40	l,v	z
IIIb	1,40	l,v	z53
Overchurch	1,40	l,w	[1,2]
II	40	l,z28	e,n,x
Tiko	1,40	l,z13,z28	1,2
Bukavu	1,40	l,z28	1,5
II	1,40	l,z28	1,5	z
42
Santhiaba	40	l,z28	1,6
II	1,40	l,z28	z39
IIIb	40	r	z53
Odienne	40	y	1,5
II	1,40	z	1,5
Casamance	40	z	e,n,x
Nowawes	40	z	z6
II	1,40	z	z6
II	1,40	z	z39
II	40	z	z42
IIIa	40	z4,z23	–
IV	1,40	z4,z23	–
II	40	z4,z24	z39
IIIa	40	z4,z24	–
IV	1,40	z4,z24	–
IIIa	40	z4,z32	–
IV	1,40	z4,z32	–
II	1,40	z6	1,5
Trotha	40	z10	z6
II	40	z10	e,n,x
IIIb	40	z10	z35
Omifisan	1,40	z29	–
IIIa	40	z29	–
II	1,40	z35	e,n,x,z15

76/166

Yekepa	1,40	z35	e,n,z15
V	1,40	z35	–
IIIa	40	z36	–
II	1,40	z39	1,5	z42
II	1,40	z39	1,6
IIIb	40	z39	1,6
II	40	z39	1,7
Karamoja	1,40	z41	1,2
II	1,40	z42	1,6
II	1,40	[z42]	1,(5),7
II	1,40	z81	z6
V	1,40	z81	–

77/166

Group O:41 (S)

Burundi	41	a	–
II	41	b	1,5
Vaugirard	41	b	1,6
VI	41	b	1,7
Vietnam	41	b	z6
Sica	41	b	e,n,z15
Lonestar	41	c	–
IIIb	41	c	e,n,x,z15
II	41	c	z6
Egusi	41	d	1,5
II	41	d	z6
II	41	g,m,s,t	z6
II	41	g,t	–
IIIa	41	g,z51	–
Leatherhead	41	m,t	1,6
Samaru	41	i	1,5
Verona	41	i	1,6
Ferlo	41	k	1,6
II	41	k	1,6
II	41	k	z6
IIIb	41	(k)	z35
II	41	l,z13,z28	e,n,x,z15
Lubumbashi	41	r	1,5
Konongo	41	r	1,7
II	41	z	1,5
Sally	41	z	1,6
Bofflens	41	z4,z23	1,7
Waycross	41	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
IIIa	41	z4,z23	–
IV	41	z4,z23	–
IIIa	41	z4,z23,z32	–
Ipswich	41	z4,z24	1,5
IIIa	41	z4,z24	–

78/166

IIIa	41	z4,z32	–
II	41	z10	1,2
Leipzig	41	z10	1,5
Landala	41	z10	1,6
Inpraw	41	z10	e,n,x
II	41	z10	e,n,x,z15
II	41	z10	z6
Lodz	41	z29	–
IIIa	41	z29	–
IV	41	z29	–
Ahoutoue	41	z35	1,6
IIIa	41	z36	–
IV	41	z36	–
Offa	41	z38	–
IV	41	z52	–
II	41	–	1,6

79/166

Group O:42 (T)

Faji	1,42	a	e,n,z15
II	42	b	1,5
Orbe	42	b	1,6
II	42	b	e,n,x,z15
Tomegbe	1,42	b	e,n,z15
Frederiksberg	1,42	b	l,w
Egusitoo	1,42	b	z6
II	42	b	z6
Antwerpen	1,42	c	e,n,z15
Kampala	1,42	c	z6
II	42	d	z6
II	42	e,n,x	1,6
II	42	g,t	–
Maricopa	1,42	g,z51	1,5
IIIa	42	g,z51	–
IV	1,42	g,z51	–
II	42	m,t	[e,n,x,z15]
Waral	1,42	m,t	–
Kaneshie	1,42	i	l,w
Borromea	42	i	1,6
Middlesbrough	1,42	i	z6
Haferbreite	42	k	1,6
IIIb	42	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	42	k	z
Gwale	1,42	k	z6
IIIb	42	(k)	z35
IIIb	42	l,v	1,5,7	[z76]
II	42	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	42	l,v	e,n,x,z15
Coogee	42	l,v	e,n,z15
IIIb	42	l,v	z
IIIb	42	l,v	z53
II	1,42	l,w	e,n,x
Parakou	1,42	l,w	z35

80/166

II	1,42	l,[z13],z28	[z6]
Sipane	1,42	r	e,n,z15
Brive	1,42	r	l,w
IIIb	42	r	z
IIIb	42	r	z53
II	42	r	–
IIIb	42	r	–	[z50]
Spalentor	1,42	y	e,n,z15
Harvestehude	1,42	y	z6
II	42	z	1,5
Ursenbach	1,42	z	1,6
II	42	z	e,n,x,z15
Melbourne	42	z	e,n,z15
II	42	z	z6
Gera	1,42	z4,z23	1,6
Broc	42	z4,z23	e,n,z15
IIIa	42	z4,z23	–
Toricada	1,42	z4,z24	–
IIIa	42	z4,z24	–
IV	1,42	z4,z24	–
II	42	z6	1,6
II	42	z10	1,2
II	42	z10	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	42	z10	e,n,x,z15	[z60]
IIIb	42	z10	z
Loenga	1,42	z10	z6
II	42	z10	z6
IIIb	42	z10	z35
IIIb	42	z10	z67
Djama	1,42	z29	[1,5]
II	42	z29	–
Kahla	1,42	z35	1,6
Hennekamp	42	z35	e,n,z15
Tema	1,42	z35	z6
Weslaco	42	z36	–
IV	42	z36	–
Vogan	1,42	z38	z6
Taset	1,42	z41	–
IIIb	42	z52	z
IIIb	42	z57	1,5

81/166

Group O:43 (U)

Graz	43	a	1,2
Berkeley	43	a	1,5
II	43	a	1,5
II	43	a	z6
Niederoderwitz	43	b	–
Ede	43	b	e,n,z15
II	43	b	z42
Montreal	43	c	1,5
Orleans	43	d	1,5
II	43	d	e,n,x,z15
II	43	d	z39
II	43	d	z42
II	43	e,n,x,z15	1,(5),7
II	43	e,n,x,z15	1,6
Milwaukee	43	f,g,[t]	–
II	43	g,m,[s],t	[z42]
II	43	g,t	[1,5]
IIIb	43	g,t	_
IIIa	43	g,z51	–
IV	43	g,z51	–
II	43	g,z62	e,n,x
Mbao	43	i	1,2
Voulte	43	i	e,n,x
Thetford	43	k	1,2
Ahuza	43	k	1,5
IIIb	43	k	z
IIIb	43	l,v	z53	[z56]
Epalinges	43	l,w	[z44]
Sudan	43	l,z13	–
II	43	l,z13,z28	1,5
IIIb	43	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	43	r	z

82/166

IIIb	43	r	z53
Farcha	43	y	1,2
Kingabwa	43	y	1,5
Ogbete	43	z	1,5
II	43	z	1,5
Arusha	43	z	e,n,z15
Farmingdale	43	z4,z23	[1,2]
II	43	z4,z23	–
IIIa	43	z4,z23	–
IV	43	z4,z23	–
IIIa	43	z4,z24	–
IV	43	z4,z24	–
IV	43	z4,z32	–
Adana	43	z10	1,5
II	43	z29	e,n,x
II	43	z29	z42
Makiling	43	z29	–
IIIa	43	z29	–
IV	43	z29	–
Ahepe	43	z35	1,6
IIIa	43	z36	–
IV	43	z36,z38	–
Irigny	43	z38	–
II	43	z42	[1,5,7]
IIIb	43	z52	z53

83/166

Group O:44 (V)

IV	44	a	–
Niakhar	44	a	1,5
Tiergarten	44	a	e,n,x
Niarembe	44	a	l,w
Shahalam	44	b	1,6
Elbeuf	44	b	e,n,x
Sedgwick	44	b	e,n,z15
Madigan	44	c	1,5
Quebec	44	c	e,n,z15
Bobo	44	d	1,5
Kermel	44	d	e,n,x
Fischerstrasse	44	d	e,n,z15
Palamaner	1,44	d	z35
II	1,44	e,n,x	1,6
Vleuten	44	f,g	–
Gamaba	1,44	g,m,[s]	[1,6]
Splott	44	g,s,t	[1,7]
II	44	g,t	z42
IIIb	1,44	g,t	1,5	z42
Carswell	44	g,z51	–
IV	44	g,z51	–
Muguga	44	m,t	–
II	1,44	m,t	z42
Maritzburg	1,44	i	e,n,z15
Lawra	44	k	e,n,z15
Malika	44	l,z28	1,5
Albertbanjul	44	r	1,5
Brefet	44	r	e,n,z15
V	44	r	–
Brackenridge	44	z	1,5
Uhlenhorst	44	z	l,w
Bolama	44	z	e,n,x

84/166

Kua	44	z4,z23	–
Ploufragan	1,44	z4,z23	e,n,z15
II	44	z4,z23	–
IIIa	44	z4,z23	–
IV	44	z4,z23	–
IIIa	44	z4,z23,z32	–
Christiansborg	44	z4,z24	–
IIIa	44	z4,z24	–
IV	44	z4,z24	–
IIIa	44	z4,z32	–
IV	1,44	z4,z32	–
Guinea	1,44	z10	1,7
Llobregat	1,44	z10	e,n,x
II	44	z29	e,n,x	z42
Zinder	44	z29	–
IV	44	z29	–
IV	44	z36,[z38]	–
Koketime	44	z38	–
II	1,44	z39	e,n,x,z15
V	44	z39	–

85/166

Group O:45

VI	45	a	e,n,x
Meekatharra	45	a	e,n,z15
II	45	a	z10
Riverside	45	b	1,5
Fomeco	45	b	e,n,z15
Deversoir	45	c	e,n,x
Dugbe	45	d	1,6
Karachi	45	d	e,n,x
Warmsen	45	d	e,n,z15
Suelldorf	45	f,g	–
Tornow	45	g,m,[s],[t]	–
II	45	g,m,s,t	1,5
II	45	g,m,s,t	e,n,x
II	45	g,m,t	e,n,x,z15
Binningen	45	g,s,t	–
IIIa	45	g,z51	–
IV	45	g,z51	–
II	45	m,t	1,5
Apapa	45	m,t	–
Verviers	45	k	1,5
Casablanca	45	k	1,7
Cairns	45	k	e,n,z15
Imo	45	l,v	[e,n,z15]
Kofandoka	45	r	e,n,z15
II	45	z	1,5
Yopougon	45	z	e,n,z15
II	45	z	z39
IIIa	45	z4,z23	–
IV	45	z4,z23	–
Transvaal	45	z4,z24	–
IIIa	45	z4,z24	–
IIIa	45	z4,z32	–

86/166

Aprad	45	z10	–
Jodhpur	45	z29	–	[z45]
II	45	z29	1,5
II	45	z29	e,n,x
II	45	z29	z42
IIIa	45	z29	_
Lattenkamp	45	z35	1,5
Balcones	45	z36	–
IIIa	45	z36	–
IV	45	z36,z38	–

87/166

Group O:47 (X)

II	47	a	1,5
II	47	a	e,n,x,z15
Wenatchee	47	b	1,2
II	47	b	1,5
II	47	b	e,n,x,z15
Sya	47	b	z6
II	47	b	z6
IIIb	47	c	1,5,7
Kodjovi	47	c	1,6	[z78]
IIIb	47	c	e,n,x,z15	[z57]
IIIb	47	c	z
IIIb	47	c	z35
II	47	d	1,5
Stellingen	47	d	e,n,x	[z58]
II	47	d	e,n,x,z15
II	47	d	z39
II	47	e,n,x,z15	1,6
Sljeme	1,47	f,g	–
Luke	1,47	g,m	–
II	47	[g,t]	e,n,x
IIIa	47	g,z51	–
Mesbit	47	m,t	e,n,z15
IIIb	47	i	e,n,x,z15	[z50]
Bergen	47	i	e,n,z15
IIIb	47	i	z
IIIb	47	i	z35
IIIb	47	i	z53	[z57],[z84	]
Staoueli	47	k	1,2
Bootle	47	k	1,5
IIIb	47	k	1,5,7
Dahomey	47	k	1,6	[z58]
IIIb	47	k	e,n,x,z15
Lyon	47	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	47	k	z

88/166

IIIb	47	k	z35
IIIb	47	k	z53	[z84]
IIIb	47	l,v	1,[5],7	[z50]
Drac	47	l,v	e,n,x
IIIb	47	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	47	l,v	z
IIIb	47	l,v	z35
IIIb	47	l,v	z53
IIIb	47	l,v	z57
IV	47	l,v	–
Teshie	1,47	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
IIIb	47	r	e,n,x,z15
Dapango	47	r	1,2
IIIb	47	r	1,5,7
IIIb	47	r	z
IIIb	47	r,[i]	z35
IIIb	47	r	z53	[z70],[z74],[z
					77],[z	90]
Moualine	47	y	1,6
Blitta	47	y	e,n,x
Mountpleasant	47	z	1,5
Kaolack	47	z	1,6
II	47	z	e,n,x,z15
II	47	z	z6
Tabligbo	47	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Fehrbellin	47	z4,z23	1,6
Bere	47	z4,z23	z6	[z45],[z58]
Binche	47	z4,z23	l,w
IIIa	47	z4,z23	–
Tamberma	47	z4,z24	–
II	47	z6	1,6
IIIb	47	z10	1,5,7
Namoda	47	z10	e,n,z15
IIIb	47	z10	z
IIIb	47	z10	z35
II	47	z29	e,n,x,z15
Ekpoui	47	z29	–
IIIa	47	z29	–
Yombesali	47	z35	z6
Bingerville	47	z35	e,n,z15
IV	47	z36	–

89/166

Alexanderplatz	47	z38	–
Quinhon	47	z44	–
IIIb	47	z52	1,5	z54
IIIb	47	z52	1,5,7
IIIb	47	z52	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	47	z52	z
IIIb	47	z52	z35
IIIb	47	z53	–	[z90]

90/166

Group O:48 (Y)

Former group O:64 was included in group O:48. Factor O :64 was found identical to subfactor
O:484. Winkle, I., Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur), 1976, 127 B, 463-472.

Hisingen	48	a	1,5,7
II	48	a	z6
II	48	a	z39
II	48	b	z6
II	48	b	e,n,x,z15
V	48	b	–
IIIb	48	c	z
II	48	d	1,2
II	48	d	z6
Buckeye	48	d	–	[z58]
Fitzroy	48	e,h	1,5
II	48	e,n,x,z15	z6
II	48	g,m,t	–
IIIa	48	g,z51	–
IV	48	g,z51	–
IIIb	48	i	z	[z72]
IIIb	48	i	z35	[z57]
IIIb	48	i	z53
IIIb	48	i	z61
V	48	i	–
IIIb	48	k	1,5,(7)
II	48	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	48	k	e,n,x,z15
Dahlem	48	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	48	k	z
IIIb	48	k	z35	[z75]
II	48	k	z39
IIIb	48	k	z53
Australia	48	l,v	1,5
IIIb	48	l,v	1,5,(7)	[z47],[z50	],[z89]
IIIb	48	l,v	z

91/166

IIIb	48	l,w	1,5,7	[z50]
IIIb	48	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	48	r	z
Toucra	48	z	1,5	[z
				58]
II	48	z	1,5
IIIb	48	z	1,5,7
IIIa	48	z4,z23	–
IV	48	z4,z23	–
IIIa	48	z4,z23,z32	–
Djakarta	48	z4,z24	–
IIIa	48	z4,z24	–
IIIb	48	z4,z24	_
IIIa	48	z4,z32	–
IV	48	z4,z32	–
II	48	z10	[1,5]
VI	48	z10	1,5
II	48	z10	1,6
Isaszeg	48	z10	e,n,x
IIIb	48	z10	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	48	z10	z
II	48	z29	–
IIIa	48	z29	–
IV	48	z29	–
IIIb	48	z35	z52
V	48	z35	–
IIIa	48	z36	–
IV	48	z36,[z38]	–
II	48	z39	z81
V	48	z39	–
V	48	z41	–
IIIb	48	z52	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	48	z52	z
V	48	z65	–
V	48	z81	–

92/166

Group O:50 (Z)

IV	50	a	–
Rochdale	50	b	e,n,x
II	50	b	z6
IV	50	b	–
Hemingford	50	d	1,5	[z82]
IV	50	d	–
II	50	e,n,x	1,7
II	50	g,[m],s,t	[1,5]
IIIa	50	g,z51	–
IV	50	g,z51	–
II	50	g,z62	e,n,x
II	50	m,t	z6	z42
IIIb	50	i	1,5,7
IIIb	50	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	50	i	z
IIIb	50	i	z53
IIIb	50	k	1,5,7
II	50	k	e,n,x	z42
IIIb	50	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	50	k	z	[z50],[z57],[z68],[z86]
II	50	k	z6
IIIb	50	k	z35
IIIb	50	k	z53
Fass	50	l,v	1,2
IIIb	50	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	50	l,v	z
IIIb	50	l,v	z35
IIIb	50	l,v	z57
VI	50	l,v	z67
II	50	l,w	e,n,x,z15	z42
II	50	l,z28	z42
IIIb	50	r	1,5,(7)

93/166

IIIb	50	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	50	r	z	[z67]
IIIb	50	r	z35	[z58]
IIIb	50	r	z53
Dougi	50	y	1,6
II	50	z	e,n,x
IIIb	50	z	z52
IIIa	50	z4,z23	–
IV	50	z4,z23	–
IIIa	50	z4,z23,z32	–
IIIa	50	z4,z24	–
IV	50	z4,z24	–
IIIa	50	z4,z32	–
IV	50	z4,z32	–
IIIb	50	z10	z	[z56]
II	50	z10	z6	z42
IIIb	50	z10	z53
Ivorycoast	50	z29	–
IIIa	50	z29	–
IIIa	50	z36	–
II	50	z42	1,7
IIIb	50	z52	1,5,7
IIIb	50	z52	z35
IIIb	50	z52	z53

94/166

Group O:51

IV	51	a	–
Windsheim	51	a	1,2
Tione	51	a	e,n,x
Karaya	51	b	1,5
IV	51	b	–
II	51	c	–
Gokul	1,51	d	1,5
Meskin	51	e,h	1,2
II	51	g,s,t	e,n,x
IIIa	51	g,z51	–
Djinten	51	m,t	–
Kabete	51	i	1,5
Dan	51	k	e,n,z15
IIIb	51	k	z35
Harcourt	51	l,v	1,2
Overschie	51	l,v	1,5
Dadzie	51	l,v	e,n,x
IIIb	51	l,v	z
Moundou	51	l,z28	1,5
II	51	l,z28	z6
II	51	l,z28	z39
Lutetia	51	r,i	l,z13,z28
Antsalova	51	z	1,5
Treforest	1,51	z	1,6
Lechler	51	z	e,n,z15
IIIa	51	z4,z23	–
IV	51	z4,z23	–
IIIa	51	z4,z24	–
IIIa	51	z4,z32	–
Bergues	51	z10	1,5
II	51	z29	e,n,x,z15
II	51	–	1,7

95/166

Group O:52

Uithof	52	a	1,5
Ord	52	a	e,n,z15
Molesey	52	b	1,5
Flottbek	52	b	e,n,x
II	52	c	k
Utrecht	52	d	1,5
II	52	d	e,n,x,z15
II	52	d	z39
Butare	52	e,h	1,6
Derkle	52	e,h	1,7
Saintemarie	52	g,t	–
II	52	g,t	–
Bordeaux	52	k	1,5
IIIb	52	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	52	k	z35
IIIb	52	k	z53
IIIb	52	l,v	z53
Marsabit	52	l,w	1,5
II	52	z	z39
IIIb	52	z	z52
II	52	z39	1,5,7
II	52	z44	1,5,7

96/166

Group O:53

II1	53	c	1,5	[R1…]
II	53	d	1,5
II	1,53	d	z39
II	53	d	z42
IIIa	53	g,z51	–
IV	1,53	g,z51	–
IIIb	53	i	z
IIIb	53	k	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	53	k	z
IIIb	53	(k)	z35
IIIb	53	k	z53
IIIb	53	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	53	l,v	z
IIIb	53	l,v	z35
II	53	l,z28	e,n,x
II	53	l,z28	z6
II	53	l,z28	z39
IIIb	53	r	z
IIIb	53	r	z35
IIIb	53	r	z68
II	53	z	1,5
IIIb	53	z	1,5,(7)
II	53	z	z6
IIIa	53	z4,z23	–
IV	53	z4,z23	–
IIIa	53	z4,z23,z32	–
II	53	z4,z24	–
IIIa	53	z4,z24	–
IIIb	53	z10	z
IIIb	53	z10	z35
IIIa	53	z29	–
IV	1,53	z36,z38	–
IIIb	53	z52	z35

97/166

IIIb	53	z52	z53
Leda	53	–	1,6
1		R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

Group O:54
This classification is provisional (see page 8).

Tonev	21,54	b	e,n,x
Winnipeg	54	e,h	1,5
Rossleben	3,54	e,h	1,6
Borreze	54	f,g,s	–
Uccle	3,54	g,s,t	–
Newholland	4,12,54	m,t	–
Poeseldorf	8,20,54	i	z6
Ochsenwerder	6,7,54	k	1,5
Montevideo1	{6,7,14}{54}	g,m,s	–
Czernyring	54	r	1,5
Steinwerder	3,15,54	y	1,5
Yerba	54	z4,z23	–
Canton	54	z10	e,n,x
Barry	54	z10	e,n,z15
Mundubbera	54	z29	–
1		Factor O:54 is plasmid-controlled. In serovar Montevideo, factors O:6,7,14 are expressed in the absence of O:54.

98/166

Group O:55

II	55	k	z39
		Group O:56

II	56	b	[1,5]
II	56	d	–
II	56	e,n,x	1,7
II	56	l,v	z39
II	56	l,z28	–
II	56	z	z6
IIIa	56	z4,z23	–
IIIa	56	z4,z23,z32	–
II	56	z10	e,n,x
IIIa	56	z29	–

99/166

Group O:57

Antonio	57	a	z6
II	57	a	z42
Maryland	57	b	1,7
Batonrouge	57	b	e,n,z15
IIIb	57	c	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	57	c	z	[z70],[z90]
II	57	d	1,5
II	57	g,[m],s,t	z42
II	57	g,t	–
IIIb	57	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	57	i	z
IIIb	57	k	e,n,x,z15
IV	57	z4,z23	–
IIIb	57	z10	z
II	57	z29	z42
II	57	z39	e,n,x,z15
II	57	z42	1,6	z53

100/166

Group O:58

II	58	a	z6
II	58	b	1,5
II	58	c	z6
II	58	d	z6
IIIb	58	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	58	i	z53
IIIb	58	k	z
IIIb	58	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	58	l,v	z35
II	58	l,z13,z28	1,5
II	58	l,z13,z28	z6
IIIb	58	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	58	r	z
IIIb	58	r	z53	[z47], [z57],[z70],[z73]
II	58	z6	1,6
II	58	z10	1,6
IIIb	58	z10	e,n,x,z15
II	58	z10	z6
IIIb	58	z10	z53	[z50]
II	58	z39	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	58	z52	z
IIIb	58	z52	z35

101/166

Group O:59

IIIb	59	c	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	59	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	59	i	z
IIIb	59	i	z35	[z84]
IIIb	59	(k)	e,n,x,z15
II	59	k	z65
IIIb	59	(k)	z
IIIb	59	(k)	z35
IIIb	59	k	z53
IIIb	59	l,v	z
IIIb	59	l,v	z53
IIIb	59	r	z35
II	1,59	z	z6
IIIa	59	z4,z23	–
IIIb	59	z10	z53
IIIb	59	z10	z57
IIIa	59	z29	–
IIIa	59	z36	–
VI	59	z36	–
IIIb	59	z52	z53

102/166

Group O:60

II1	60	b	–	[R1…]
II	60	g,m,t	z6
IIIb	60	i	[e,n,x,z15]	[z50]
IIIb	60	i	[z]	[z50]
IIIb	60	i	[z35]	[z
				50]
IIIb	60	k	z
IIIb	60	k	z35
IIIb	60	(k)	z53
IIIb	60	l,v	z
IIIb	60	r	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	60	r	z
IIIb	60	r	z35
IIIb	60	r	z53
II	60	z	e,n,x
IIIb	60	z10	z
IIIb	60	z10	z35
IIIb	60	z10	z53
II	60	z29	e,n,x
V	60	z41	–
IIIb	60	z52	1,5,[7]
IIIb	60	z52	z
IIIb	60	z52	z35
IIIb	60	z52	z53
1		R1… : R phases agglutinated by anti-1,2 – 1,5 – 1,6 – 1,7 sera and not by anti-2 – 5 – 6 – 7 sera.

103/166

Group O:61

IIIb	61	c	1,5,(7)
IIIb	61	c	z35
IIIb	61	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	61	i	z
IIIb	61	i	z35
IIIb	61	i	z53
IIIb	61	k	1,5,(7)
IIIb	61	k	z35
IIIb	61	(k)	z53
IIIb	61	l,v	1,5,7	[z57]
IIIb	61	l,v	z
IIIb	61	l,v	z35
IIIb	61	r	1,5,7
IIIb	61	r	z
IIIb	61	r	z35
IIIb	61	r	z53	[z47],[z50]
IIIb	61	z10	z35
V	61	z35	–
IIIb	61	z52	1,5,7
IIIb	61	z52	z
IIIb	61	z52	z35
IIIb	61	z52	z53

104/166

Group O:62

IIIa	62	g,z51	–
IIIa	62	z4,z23	–
IIIa	62	z4,z32	–
IIIa	62	z29	–
IIIa	62	z36	–

Group O:63

IIIa	63	g,z51	–
IIIb	63	(k)	z
IIIa	63	z4,z23	–
IIIa	63	z4,z32	–
IIIa	63	z36	–

105/166

Group O:65

IIIb	65	c	1,5,7
IIIb	65	c	z
IIIb	65	c	z53
II	65	g,t	–
IIIb	65	i	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	65	i	z
IIIb	65	(k)	z
IIIb	65	(k)	z35
IIIb	65	(k)	z53
IIIb	65	l,v	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	65	l,v	z
IIIb	65	l,v	z35
IIIb	65	l,v	z53
IIIb	65	r	z35
IIIb	65	z10	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	65	z10	z
IIIb	65	z52	e,n,x,z15
IIIb	65	z52	z
IIIb	65	z52	z35
IIIb	65	z52	z53
II	65	–	1,6

106/166

Group O:66

V	66	z35	–
V	66	z39	–
V	66	z41	–
V	66	z65	–
V	66	z81	–

		Group O:67
Crossness	67	r	1,2

107/166

108/166

ALPHABETIC LIST OF NAMES GIVEN TO SEROVARS OF
S. ENTERICA SUBSPECIES ENTERICA

WITH THEIR ANTIGENIC FORMULAE

109/166

110/166

A
Aachen	17	z35	1,6
Aarhus	18	z4,z23	z64
Aba	6,8	i	e,n,z15
Abadina	28	g,m	[e,n,z15]
Abaetetuba	11	k	1,5
Aberdeen	11	i	1,2
Abidjan	39	b	l,w
Ablogame	16	l,z13,z28	z6
Abobo	16	i	z6
Abony	1,4,[5],12,[27]	b	e,n,x
Abortusequi	4,12	–	e,n,x
Abortusovis	4,12	c	1,6
Abuja	11	g,m	1,5
Accra	1,3,19	b	z6
Ackwepe	9,46	l,w	–
Adabraka	3,10	z4,z23	[1,7]
Adamstown	28	k	1,6
Adamstua	11	e,h	1,6
Adana	43	z10	1,5
Adelaide	35	f,g	–	[z27]
Adeoyo	16	g,m,[t]	–
Aderike	28	z38	e,n,z15
Adime	6,7	b	1,6
Adjame	13,23	r	1,6
Aequatoria	6,7	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Aesch	6,8	z60	1,2
Aflao	1,6,14,25	l,z28	e,n,x
Africana	4,12	r,i	l,w
Afula	6,7	f,g,t	e,n,x
Agama	4,12	i	1,6
Agbara	16	i	1,6
Agbeni	1,13,23	g,m,[s],[t]	–
Agege	3,10	c	e,n,z15
Ago	30	z38	–
Agodi	35	g,t	–
Agona	1,4,[5],12	f,g,s	[1,2]	[z27],[z45	]

111/166

Agoueve	13,22	z29	–
Ahanou	17	i	1,7
Ahepe	43	z35	1,6
Ahmadi	1,3,19	d	1,5
Ahoutoue	41	z35	1,6
Ahuza	43	k	1,5
Ajiobo	13,23	z4,z23	–
Akanji	6,8	r	1,7
Akuafo	16	y	1,6
Alabama	9,12	c	e,n,z15
Alachua	35	z4,z23	–	[z37],[z
				45]
Alagbon	8,20	y	1,7
Alamo	6,7	g,z51	1,5
Albany	8,20	z4,z24	–	[z45]
Albert	4,12	z10	e,n,x
Albertbanjul	44	r	1,5
Albertslund	3,10	z38	1,6
Albuquerque	1,6,14,24	d	z6
Alexanderplatz	47	z38	–
Alexanderpolder	8	c	l,w
Alfort	3,10	f,g	e,n,x
Alger	38	l,v	1,2
Alkmaar	1,3,19	a	l,w
Allandale	1,40	k	1,6
Allerton	3,10	b	1,6
Alma	39	i	e,n,z15
Alminko	8,20	g,s,t	–
Alpenquai	6,14	l,v	e,n,z15
Altendorf	4,12,[27]	c	1,7
Altona	8,20	r,[i]	z6
Amager	3,{10}{15}	y	1,2	[z45]
Amba	11	k	l,z13,z28
Amberg	6,14,24	l,v	1,7
Amersfoort	6,7,14	d	e,n,x
Amherstiana	8	l,v	1,6
Amina	16	i	1,5
Aminatu	3,10	a	1,2
Amounderness	3,10	i	1,5
Amoutive	28	d	1,5
Amsterdam		3,{10}{15}{15,34} g,m,s	–
Amunigun	16	a	1,6

112/166

Anatum		3,{10}{15}{15,34} e,h	1,6	[z
				64]
Anderlecht	3,10	c	l,w
Anecho	35	g,s,t	–
Anfo	39	y	1,2
Angers	8,20	z35	z6
Angoda	30	k	e,n,x
Angouleme	16	z10	z6
Ank	28	k	e,n,z15
Anna	13,23	z35	e,n,z15
Annedal	16	r,i	e,n,x
Antarctica	9,12	g,z63	–
Antonio	57	a	z6
Antsalova	51	z	1,5
Antwerpen	1,42	c	e,n,z15
Apapa	45	m,t	–
Apeyeme	8,20	z38	–
Aprad	45	z10	–
Aqua	30	k	1,6
Aragua	30	z29	–
Arapahoe	6,14	z4,z23	1,5
Arechavaleta	4,[5],12	a	1,7
Argenteuil	1,9,46	c	1,7
Arusha	43	z	e,n,z15
Aschersleben	30	b	1,5
Ashanti	28	b	1,6
Assen	21	a	[1,5]
Assinie	3,10	l,w	z6	[z45]
Astridplein	16	e,h	1,6
Asylanta	3,10	c	1,2
Atakpame	8,20	e,h	1,7
Atento	11	b	1,2
Athens	1,40	g,m,s	e,n,x
Athinai	6,7	i	e,n,z15
Ati	11	d	1,2
Augustenborg	6,7,14	i	1,2
Aurelianis	9,12	z	e,n,z15
Austin	6,7	a	1,7
Australia	48	l,v	1,5
Avignon	16	y	e,n,z15
Avonmouth	1,3,19	i	e,n,z15
Axim	16	z4,z23	z6

113/166

Ayinde	1,4,12,27	d	z6
Ayton	1,4,12,27	l,w	z6
Azteca	4,[5],12,[27]	l,v	1,5

		B
Babelsberg	28	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Babili	28	z35	1,7
Badagry	16	z10	1,5
Baguida	21	z4,z23	–
Baguirmi	30	y	e,n,x
Bahati	13,22	b	e,n,z15
Bahrenfeld	6,14,[24]	e,h	1,5
Baiboukoum	6,7	k	1,7
Baildon	9,46	a	e,n,x
Bakau	28	a	1,7
Balcones	45	z36	–
Ball	1,4,[5],12,[27]	y	e,n,x
Bama	17	m,t	–
Bamboye	9,46	b	l,w
Bambylor	9,46	z	e,n,z15
Banalia	6,8	b	z6
Banana	1,4,[5],12	m,t	[1,5]
Banco	28	r,i	1,7
Bandia	35	i	l,w
Bandim	17	k	1,6
Bangkok	38	z4,z24	–
Bangui	9,12	d	e,n,z15
Banjul	1,6,14,25	a	e,n,z15
Bardo	8	e,h	1,2
Bareilly	6,7,14	y	1,5
Bargny	8,20	i	1,5
Barmbek	16	d	z6
Barranquilla	16	d	e,n,x
Barry	54	z10	e,n,z15

114/166

Basingstoke	9,46	z35	e,n,z15
Bassa	6,8	m,t	–
Bassadji	28	r	1,6
Bata	9,12	b	1,7
Batonrouge	57	b	e,n,z15
Battle	16	l,z13,z28	1,6
Bazenheid	8,20	z10	1,2
Be	8,20	a	[z6]
Beaudesert	[1],6,14,[25]	e,h	1,7
Bedford	1,3,19	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Belem	6,8	c	e,n,x
Belfast	6,8	c	1,7
Bellevue	8	z4,z23	1,7
Benfica	3,10	b	e,n,x
Benguella	40	b	z6
Benin	9,46	y	1,7
Benue	6,8	y	l,w
Bere	47	z4,z23	z6	[z
				45],[z	58]
Bergedorf	9,46	e,h	1,2
Bergen	47	i	e,n,z15
Bergues	51	z10	1,5
Berkeley	43	a	1,5
Berlin	17	d	1,5
Berta	1,9,12	[f],g,[t]	–
Bessi	3,10	i	e,n,x
Bethune	1,3,19	k	1,7
Biafra	3,10	z10	z6
Bida	1,3,19	c	1,6
Bietri	30	y	1,5
Bignona	17	b	e,n,z15
Bijlmer	1,40	g,m	–
Bilu	1,3,10,19	f,g,t	1,(2),7
Binche	47	z4,z23	l,w
Bingerville	47	z35	e,n,z15
Binningen	45	g,s,t	–
Birkenhead	6,7	c	1,6
Birmingham	3,{10}{15}	d	l,w
Bispebjerg	1,4,[5],12	a	e,n,x
Bissau	4,12	c	e,n,x
Blancmesnil	4,12	l,w	e,n,z15
Blegdam	9,12	g,m,q	–

115/166

Blijdorp	1,6,14,25	c	1,5
Blitta	47	y	e,n,x
Blockley	6,8	k	1,5	[z
				58]
Bloomsbury	3,10	g,t	1,5
Blukwa	6,14,18	z4,z24	–
Bobo	44	d	1,5
Bochum	1,4,[5],12	r	l,w
Bodjonegoro	30	z4,z24	–
Boecker	[1],6,14,[25]	l,v	1,7
Bofflens	41	z4,z23	1,7
Bokanjac	28	b	1,7
Bolama	44	z	e,n,x
Bolombo	3,10	z38	[z6]
Bolton	3,10	y	e,n,z15
Bonames	17	a	1,2
Bonariensis	6,8	i	e,n,x
Bonn	6,7	l,v	e,n,x
Bootle	47	k	1,5
Borbeck	13,22	l,v	1,6
Bordeaux	52	k	1,5
Borreze	54	f,g,s	–
Borromea	42	i	1,6
Bouake	16	z	z6
Bournemouth	9,12	e,h	1,2
Bousso	1,6,14,25	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
	Bovismorbificans 6,8,20	r,[i]	1,5	[R1…]
Brackenridge	44	z	1,5
Bracknell	13,23	b	1,6
Bradford	4,12,[27]	r	1,5
Braenderup	6,7,14	e,h	e,n,z15
Brancaster	1,4,12,27	z29	–
Brandenburg	4,[5],12	l,v	e,n,z15
Brazil	16	a	1,5
Brazos	6,14,18	a	e,n,z15
Brazzaville	6,7	b	1,2
Breda	6,8	z4,z23	e,n,x
Bredeney	1,4,12,27	l,v	1,7	[z40]
Brefet	44	r	e,n,z15
Breukelen	6,8	l,z13,[z28]	e,n,z15
Brevik	16	z	e,n,[x],z15
Brezany	1,4,12,27	d	1,6

116/166

Brijbhumi	11	i	1,5
Brikama	8,20	r,[i]	l,w
Brindisi	11	c	1,6
Brisbane	28	z	e,n,z15
Bristol	13,22	z	1,7
Brive	1,42	r	l,w
Broc	42	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Bron	13,22	g,m	[e,n,z15]
Bronx	6,8	c	1,6
Brooklyn	16	l,w	e,n,x
Broughton	1,3,19	b	l,w
Bruck	6,7	z	l,w
Bruebach	39	e,h	1,2
Brunei	8,20	y	1,5
Brunflo	16	r	1,7
Bsilla	6,8	r	1,2
Buckeye	48	d	–	[z58]
Budapest	1,4,12,[27]	g,t	–
Bukavu	1,40	l,z28	1,5
Bukuru	6,8	b	l,w
Bulgaria	6,8	y	1,6
Bullbay	11	l,v	e,n,z15
Bulovka	6,7	z44	–
Burgas	16	l,v	e,n,z15
Burundi	41	a	–
Bury	4,12,27	c	z6
Businga	6,7	z	e,n,z15
Butantan	3,{10}{15}{15,34} b		1,5
Butare	52	e,h	1,6
Buzu	[1],6,14,[25]	i	1,7

		C
Caen	16	d	l,w	[z82]
Cairina	3,10	z35	z6

117/166

Cairns	45	k	e,n,z15
Calabar	1,3,19	e,h	l,w
California	4,12	g,m,t	[z67]
Camberene	35	z10	1,5
Camberwell	9,12	r	1,7
Campinense	9,12	r	e,n,z15
Canada	4,12,[27]	b	1,6
Canary	40	l,v	1,6
Cannobio	28	z4,z23	1,5
Cannonhill	1,3,{10},{15},19	y	e,n,x
Cannstatt	1,3,19	m,t	–
Canton	54	z10	e,n,x
Caracas	[1],6,14,[25]	g,m,s	–
Cardoner	16	g,s,t	–
Carmel	17	l,v	e,n,x
Carnac	18	z10	z6
Carno	1,3,19	z	l,w
Carpentras	38	z35	e,n,z15
Carrau	6,14,[24]	y	1,7
Carswell	44	g,z51	–
Casablanca	45	k	1,7
Casamance	40	z	e,n,x
Catalunia	28	l,z13,z28	1,5
Catanzaro	6,14	g,s,t	–
Catumagos	1,3,19	z35	1,5
Cayar	6,7	z	e,n,x
Cerro	6,14,18	z4,z23	[1,5]	[z45],[z82	]
Ceyco	9,46	k	z35
Chagoua	1,13,23	a	1,5
Chailey	6,8	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Champaign	39	k	1,5	[z48]
Chandans	11	d	[e,n,x]	[r]
Charity	[1],6,14,[25]	d	e,n,x
Charlottenburg	6,8	k	e,n,z15
Chartres	1,4,12	e,h	l,w
Cheltenham	9,46	b	1,5
Chennai	4,12	d	z35
Chester	1,4,[5],12	e,h	e,n,x
Chicago	28	r,[i]	1,5
Chichester	1,3,19	i	1,6
Chichiri	6,14,24	z4,z24	–

118/166

Chile	6,7	z	1,2
Chincol	6,8	g,m,[s]	[e,n,x]
Chingola	11	e,h	1,2
Chiredzi	11	c	1,5
Chittagong	1,3,10,19	b	z35
Choleraesuis	6,7	c	1,5
Chomedey	8,20	z10	e,n,z15
Christiansborg	44	z4,z24	–
Clackamas	4,12	l,v	1,6
Claibornei	1,9,12	k	1,5
Clanvillian	11	r	e,n,z15
Clerkenwell	3,10	z	l,w
Cleveland	6,8	z10	1,7
Clontarf	9,46	k	1,6
Cochin	9,46	k	1,5
Cochise	18	b	1,7
Cocody	8,20	r,i	e,n,z15
Coeln	1,4,[5],12	y	1,2
Coleypark	6,7,14	a	l,w
Colindale	6,7	r	1,7
Colobane	11	k	1,7
Colombo	38	y	1,6
Colorado	6,7	l,w	1,5
Concord	6,7	l,v	1,2
Connecticut	11	l,z13,z28	1,5
Coogee	42	l,v	e,n,z15
Coquilhatville	3,10	z10	1,7
Coromandel	6,7	l,v	z35
Corvallis	8,20	z4,z23	[z6]
Cotham	28	i	1,5
Cotia	18	–	1,6
Cotonou	6,7	c	z6
Cremieu	6,8	e,h	1,6	[R1…]
Crewe	11	z	1,5
Croft	28	g,m,s	[e,n,z15]
Crossness	67	r	1,2
Cubana	1,13,23	z29	–	[z37],[z43	]
Cuckmere	3,10	i	1,2
Cullingworth	28	d	l,w
Cumberland	39	i	e,n,x
Curacao	6,8	a	1,6

119/166

Cyprus	6,8	i	l,w
Czernyring	54	r	1,5

		D
Daarle	6,8	y	e,n,x
Dabou	8,20	z4,z23	l,w
Dadzie	51	l,v	e,n,x
Dahlem	48	k	e,n,z15
Dahomey	47	k	1,6	[z58]
Dahra	17	b	1,5
Dakar	28	a	1,6
Dakota	16	z35	e,n,z15
Dallgow	1,3,19	z10	e,n,z15
Damman	6,7,14	a	z6
Dan	51	k	e,n,z15
Dapango	47	r	1,2
Daula	8,20	z	z6
Daytona	6,7	k	1,6
Deckstein	9,46	r	1,7
Delan	39	y	e,n,z15
Delmenhorst	18	z71	–
Dembe	35	d	l,w	[z58]
Demerara	13,23	z10	l,w
Denver	6,7	a	e,n,z15
Derby	1,4,[5],12	f,g	[1,2]
Derkle	52	e,h	1,7
Dessau	1,3,15,19	g,s,t	–
Detmold	9,46	a	1,2
Deversoir	45	c	e,n,x
Dibra	28	a	z6
Dietrichsdorf	39	m,t	–
Dieuppeul	28	i	1,7
Diguel	1,13,22	d	e,n,z15
Dingiri	17	z	1,6

120/166

Diogoye	8,20	z41	z6
Diourbel	21	i	1,2
Djakarta	48	z4,z24	–
Djama	1,42	z29	[1,5]
Djelfa	8	b	1,2
Djermaia	28	z29	–
Djibouti	17	z10	e,n,x
Djinten	51	m,t	–
Djugu	6,7	z10	e,n,x
Doba	9,46	a	e,n,z15
Doel	28	z	1,6
Doncaster	6,8	a	1,5
Donna	30	l,v	1,5
Doorn	28	i	1,2
Dortmund	3,10	z41	1,[2],5
Douala	28	i	l,w
Dougi	50	y	1,6
Doulassame	30	a	e,n,z15
Drac	47	l,v	e,n,x
Dresden	28	c	e,n,x
Driffield	1,40	d	1,5
Drogana	1,4,12,27	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Dublin	1,9,12[Vi]	g,p	–
Duesseldorf	6,8	z4,z24	–
Dugbe	45	d	1,6
Duisburg	1,4,12,[27]	d	e,n,z15	[e,h]
Dumfries	3,10	r,i	1,6
Dunkwa	6,8	d	1,7
Durban	1,9,12	a	e,n,z15
Durham	13,23	b	e,n,z15
Duval	1,40	b	e,n,z15

121/166

E
Ealing	35	g,m,s	–
Eastbourne	1,9,12	e,h	1,5
Eastglam	1,3,19	c	1,5
Eaubonne	18	g,s,t	–
Eberswalde	28	c	1,6
Eboko	6,8	b	1,7
Ebrie	35	g,m,t	–
Echa	38	k	1,2
Ede	43	b	e,n,z15
Edinburg	6,7,14	b	1,5
Edmonton	6,8	l,v	e,n,z15
Egusi	41	d	1,5
Egusitoo	1,42	b	z6
Eingedi	6,7	f,g,t	1,2,7
Eko	4,12	e,h	1,6
Ekotedo	9,46	z4,z23	–
Ekpoui	47	z29	–
Elbeuf	44	b	e,n,x
Elisabethville	3,{10}{15}	r	1,7
Elokate	9,12	c	1,7
Elomrane	1,9,12	z38	–
Emek	8,20	g,m,s	–
Emmastad	38	r	1,6
Encino	1,6,14,25	d	l,z13,z28
Enschede	35	z10	l,w
Entebbe	1,4,12,27	z	z6
Enteritidis	1,9,12	g,m	–
Enugu	16	l,[z13],z28	[1,5]
Epalinges	43	l,w	[z44]
Epicrates	3,10	b	l,w
Epinay	11	a	l,z13,z28
Eppendorf	1,4,12,[27]	d	1,5
Erfurt	11	b	z6
Escanaba	6,7	k	e,n,z15

122/166

Eschberg	9,12	d	1,7
Eschweiler	6,7	z10	1,6
Essen	4,12	g,m	–
Essingen	16	l,w	z6
Etterbeek	11	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Euston	11	r,i	e,n,x,z15
Everleigh	3,10	z29	e,n,x
Evry	35	i	z6
Ezra	28	z	1,7

		F
Fairfield	28	r	l,w
Fajara	28	l,z28	e,n,x
Faji	1,42	a	e,n,z15
Falkensee	3,{10}{15}	i	e,n,z15
Fallowfield	3,10	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Fann	11	l,v	e,n,x
Fanti	13,23	z38	–
Farakan	28	z10	1,5
Farcha	43	y	1,2
Fareham	1,3,19	r,i	l,w
Farmingdale	43	z4,z23	[1,2]
Farmsen	13,23	z	1,6
Farsta	4,12	i	e,n,x
Fass	50	l,v	1,2
Fayed	6,8	l,w	1,2
Fehrbellin	47	z4,z23	1,6
Ferlo	41	k	1,6
Ferruch	8	e,h	1,5
Fillmore	6,8	e,h	e,n,x
Finaghy	4,12	y	1,6
Findorff	11	d	z6
Finkenwerder	[1],6,14,[25]	d	1,5
Fischerhuette	16	a	e,n,z15

123/166

Fischerkietz	1,6,14,25	y	e,n,x
Fischerstrasse	44	d	e,n,z15
Fitzroy	48	e,h	1,5
Florian	3,{10}{15}	z4,z24	–
Florida	[1],6,14,[25]	d	1,7
Flottbek	52	b	e,n,x
Fluntern	6,14,18	b	1,5
Fomeco	45	b	e,n,z15
Fortlamy	16	z	1,6
Fortune	1,4,12,[27]	z10	z6
Franken	9,12	z6	z67
Frankfurt	16	i	e,n,z15
Frederiksberg	1,42	b	l,w
Freefalls	28	b	l,w
Freetown	38	y	1,5
Freiburg	3,10	l,z13	1,2
Fresno	9,46	z38	–
Friedenau	13,22	d	1,6
Friedrichsfelde	28	f,g	–
Frintrop	1,9,12	b	1,5
Fufu	3,10	z	1,5
Fulda	1,3,19	l,w	1,5
Fulica	4,[5],12	a	–
Fyris	4,[5],12	l,v	1,2

		G
Gabon	6,7	l,w	1,2
Gafsa	16	c	1,6
Gaillac	8,20	c	1,5
Galiema	6,7,14	k	1,2
Galil	3,10	a	e,n,z15
Gallen	11	a	1,2
Gallinarum	1,9,12	–	–
Gamaba	1,44	g,m,[s]	[1,6]

124/166

Gambaga	21	z35	e,n,z15
Gambia	35	i	e,n,z15
Gaminara	16	d	1,7
Garba	1,6,14,25	a	1,5
Garoli	6,7	i	1,6
Gassi	35	e,h	z6
Gateshead	9,46	g,s,t	–
Gatineau	1,3,19	y	1,5
Gatow	6,7	y	1,7
Gatuni	6,8	b	e,n,x
Gbadago	3,{10}{15}	c	1,5
Gdansk	6,7,14	l,v	z6
Gege	30	r	1,5
Georgia	6,7	b	e,n,z15
Gera	1,42	z4,z23	1,6
Geraldton	9,46	l,v	1,6
Gerland	16	z	1,5
Ghana	21	b	1,6
Giessen	30	g,m,s	–
Give		3,{10}{15}{15,34} l,v	1,7	[d]
Giza	8,20	y	1,2
Glasgow	16	b	1,6
Glidji	11	l,w	1,5
Glostrup	6,8	z10	e,n,z15
Gloucester	1,4,12,27	i	l,w
Gnesta	1,3,19	b	1,5	[z37]
Godesberg	30	g,m,[t]	–
Goelzau	3,{10}{15}	a	1,5
Goeteborg	9,12	c	1,5
Goettingen	9,12	l,v	e,n,z15
Gokul	1,51	d	1,5
Goldcoast	6,8	r	l,w
Goma	6,7	z4,z23	z6
Gombe	6,7,14	d	e,n,z15
Good	21	f,g	e,n,x
Gori	17	z	1,2
Goulfey	1,40	k	1,5
Gouloumbo	35	c	1,5
Goverdhan	9,12	k	1,6
Gozo	28	e,h	e,n,z15
Grampian	6,7	r	l,w

125/166

Grancanaria	16	z39	[1,6]
Grandhaven	30	r	1,2
Granlo	17	l,z28	e,n,x
Graz	43	a	1,2
Greiz	40	a	z6
Groenekan	18	d	1,5
Grumpensis	1,13,23	d	1,7
Guarapiranga	30	a	e,n,x
Guerin	9,46	e,h	z6
Gueuletapee	9,12	g,m,s	–
Guildford	28	k	1,2
Guinea	1,44	z10	1,7
Gustavia	11	d	1,5
Gwale	1,42	k	z6
Gwoza	1,3,19	a	e,n,z15

		H
Haardt	8	k	1,5
Hadar	6,8	z10	e,n,x
Hadejia	17	y	e,n,z15
Haduna	4,12	l,z13,[z28]	1,6
Haelsingborg	6,7	m,p,t,[u]	–
Haferbreite	42	k	1,6
Haga	35	z38	–
Haifa	1,4,[5],12	z10	1,2
Halle	28	c	1,7
Hallfold	1,4,12,27	c	l,w
Handen	1,13,23	d	1,2
Hann	40	k	e,n,x
Hannover	16	a	1,2
Haouaria	13,22	c	e,n,x,z15
Harburg	[1],6,14,[25]	k	1,5
Harcourt	51	l,v	1,2
Harleystreet	3,10	z	1,6

126/166

Harrisonburg		3,{10}{15}{15,34} z10	1,6
Hartford	6,7	y	e,n,x	[z67]
Harvestehude	1,42	y	z6
Hatfield	28	d	1,6
Hato	1,4,[5],12	g,m,s	[1,2]
Havana	1,13,23	f,g,[s]	–	[z79]
Hayindogo	1,3,19	e,h	1,6
Heerlen	11	i	1,6
Hegau	39	z10	–
Heidelberg	1,4,[5],12	r	1,2
Heistopdenberg	8,20	b	l,w
Hemingford	50	d	1,5	[z
				82]
Hennekamp	42	z35	e,n,z15
Hermannswerder	28	c	1,5
Heron	16	a	z6
Herston	6,8	d	e,n,z15
Herzliya	11	y	e,n,x
Hessarek	4,12,[27]	a	1,5
Hidalgo	6,8	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Hiduddify	6,8	l,z13,z28	1,5
Hillegersberg	9,46	z35	1,5
Hillingdon	9,46	g,m	–
Hillsborough	6,7	z41	l,w
Hilversum	30	k	1,2
Hindmarsh	8,20	r	1,5
Hisingen	48	a	1,5,7
Hissar	6,7,14	c	1,2
Hithergreen	16	c	e,n,z15
Hoboken	3,10	i	l,w
Hofit	39	i	1,5
Hoghton	3,10	l,z13,z28	z6
Hohentwiel	30	z	e,n,x,z15
Holcomb	6,8	l,v	e,n,x
Homosassa	1,6,14,25	z	1,5
Honelis	28	a	e,n,z15
Hongkong	1,3,19	z	z6
Horsham	1,6,14,[25]	l,v	e,n,x
Houston	9,12	l,v	1,5	d
Huddinge	3,10	z	1,7
Huettwilen	1,4,12	a	l,w
Hull	16	b	1,2

127/166

Huvudsta	3,{10}{15,34}	b	1,7
Hvittingfoss	16	b	e,n,x
Hydra	21	c	1,6

		I
Ibadan	13,22	b	1,5
Ibaragi	21	y	1,2
Idikan	1,13,23	i	1,5
Ikayi	3,{10}{15}	c	1,6
Ikeja	28	k	1,7
Ilala	28	k	1,5
Ilugun	1,3,10,19	z4,z23	z6
Imo	45	l,v	[e,n,z15]
Inchpark	6,8	y	1,7
India	9,46	l,v	1,5
Indiana	1,4,12	z	1,7
Infantis	6,7,14	r	1,5	[R1…],[z37],[z45],[z49]
Inganda	6,7	z10	1,5
Inglis	9,46	z10	e,n,x
Inpraw	41	z10	e,n,x
Inverness	38	k	1,6
Ipeko	9,12	c	1,6
Ipswich	41	z4,z24	1,5
Irchel	9,46	y	e,n,x
Irenea	17	k	1,5
Irigny	43	z38	–
Irumu	6,7	l,v	1,5
Isangi	6,7,14	d	1,5
Isaszeg	48	z10	e,n,x
Israel	9,12	e,h	e,n,z15
Istanbul	8	z10	e,n,x
Istoria	1,6,14,25	r,i	1,5
Isuge	13,23	d	z6
Itami	9,12	l,z13	1,5

128/166

Ituri	1,4,12	z10	1,5
Itutaba	9,46	c	z6
Ivory	16	r	1,6
Ivorycoast	50	z29	–
Ivrysurseine	1,13,23	z	z6

		J
Jaffna	1,9,12	d	z35
Jalisco	11	y	1,7
Jamaica	9,12	r	1,5
Jambur	21	l,z28	e,n,z15
Jangwani	17	a	1,5
Javiana	1,9,12	l,z28	1,5	[R1…]
Jedburgh	3,{10}{15}	z29	–
Jericho	1,4,12,27	c	e,n,z15
Jerusalem	6,7,14	z10	l,w
Joal	3,10	l,z28	1,7
Jodhpur	45	z29	–	[z45]
Johannesburg	1,40	b	e,n,x
Jos	1,4,12,27	y	e,n,z15
Juba	1,3,19	a	1,7
Jubilee	17	e,h	1,2
Jukestown	13,23	i	e,n,z15

		K
Kaapstad	4,12	e,h	1,7
Kabete	51	i	1,5
Kaduna	6,7,14	c	e,n,z15

129/166

Kaevlinge	16	z4,z24	_
Kahla	1,42	z35	1,6
Kainji	1,3,19	z	1,6
Kaitaan	1,6,14,25	m,t	–
Kalamu	1,4,[5],12	z4,z24	[1,5]
Kalina	3,10	b	1,2
Kallo	6,8	k	1,2
Kalumburu	6,8	z	e,n,z15
Kambole	6,7	d	1,[2],7
Kamoru	1,4,12,27	y	z6
Kampala	1,42	c	z6
Kande	1,3,19	b	e,n,z15
Kandla	17	z29	–
Kaneshie	1,42	i	l,w
Kanifing	1,6,14,25	z	1,6
Kano	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
Kaolack	47	z	1,6
Kapemba	9,12	l,v	1,7	[z40]
Karachi	45	d	e,n,x
Karamoja	1,40	z41	1,2
Karaya	51	b	1,5
Karlshamn	17	d	e,n,z15
Kasenyi	38	e,h	1,5
Kassberg	1,6,14,25	c	1,6
Kassel	16	z	e,n,x
Kastrup	6,7	e,n,z15	1,6
Kedougou	1,13,23	i	l,w
Kentucky	8,20	i	z6
Kenya	6,7	l,z13	e,n,x
Kermel	44	d	e,n,x
Kethiabarny	28	z4,z24	–
Keurmassar	35	c	1,2
Keve	21	l,w	–
Kiambu	1,4,12	z	1,5
Kibi	16	z4,z23	[1,6]
Kibusi	28	r	e,n,x
Kidderminster	38	c	1,6	[z58]
Kiel	1,2,12	g,p	–
Kikoma	16	y	e,n,x
Kimberley	38	l,v	1,5
Kimpese	9,12	z	1,6

130/166

Kimuenza	1,4,12,27	l,v	e,n,x
Kindia	1,3,19	l,z28	e,n,x
Kingabwa	43	y	1,5
Kingston	1,4,[5],12,[27]	g,s,t	[1,2]	[z43]
Kinondoni	17	a	e,n,x
Kinson	1,3,19	y	e,n,x
Kintambo	1,13,23	m,t	–
Kirkee	17	b	1,2
Kisangani	1,4,[5],12	a	1,2
Kisarawe	11	k	e,n,x,[z15]
Kisii	6,7	d	1,2
Kitenge	28	y	e,n,x
Kivu	6,7	d	1,6
Klouto	38	z38	–
Koblenz	16	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
Kodjovi	47	c	1,6	[z
				78]
Koenigstuhl	1,4,[5],12	z	e,n,z15
Koessen	2,12	l,v	1,5
Kofandoka	45	r	e,n,z15
Koketime	44	z38	–
Kokoli	30	z35	1,6
Kokomlemle	39	l,v	e,n,x
Kolar	9,46	b	z35
Kolda	8,20	z35	1,2
Konolfingen	28	z35	1,6
Konongo	41	r	1,7
Konstanz	8	b	e,n,x
Korbol	8,20	b	1,5
Korkeasaari	28	e,h	1,5
Korlebu	1,3,19	z	1,5
Korovi	38	g,m,[s]	–
Kortrijk	6,7	l,v	1,7
Kottbus	6,8	e,h	1,5
Kotte	6,7	b	z35
Kotu	9,12	l,z28	1,6
Kouka	1,3,19	g,m,[t]	–
Koumra	6,7	b	1,7
Kpeme	28	e,h	1,7
Kralingen	8,20	y	z6
Krefeld	1,3,19	y	l,w
Kristianstad	3,10	z10	e,n,z15

131/166

Kua	44	z4,z23	–
Kubacha	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	1,7
Kuessel	28	i	e,n,z15
Kumasi	30	z10	e,n,z15
Kunduchi	1,4,[5],12,[27]	l,[z13],[z28]	1,2
Kuntair	1,6,14,25	b	1,5
Kuru	6,8	z	l,w

		L
Labadi	8,20	d	z6
Lagos	1,4,[5],12	i	1,5
Lamberhurst	3,10	e,h	e,n,z15
Lamin	3,10	l,z28	e,n,x
Lamphun	6,8	y	1,2
Lancaster	17	l,v	1,7
Landala	41	z10	1,6
Landau	30	i	1,2
Landwasser	3,10	z	z6
Langenhorn	18	m,t	–
Langensalza	3,10	y	l,w
Langeveld	6,7	l,w	e,n,z15
Langford	28	b	e,n,z15
Lansing	38	i	1,5
Laredo	1,6,14,25	z10	1,6
Larochelle	6,7	e,h	1,2
Larose	6,7	g,z51	e,n,z15
Lattenkamp	45	z35	1,5
Lawndale	1,9,12	z	1,5
Lawra	44	k	e,n,z15
Leatherhead	41	m,t	1,6
Lechler	51	z	e,n,z15
Leda	53	–	1,6
Leer	18	z10	1,5
Leeuwarden	11	b	1,5

132/166

Legon	1,4,12,[27]	c	1,5
Lehrte	16	r	z6
Leiden	13,22	z38	–
Leipzig	41	z10	1,5
Leith	6,8	a	e,n,z15
Lekke	3,10	d	1,6
Lene	11	z38	–
Leoben	28	l,v	1,5
Leopoldville	6,7,14	b	z6
Lerum	1,3,19	z	1,7
Lexington	3,{10}{15}{15,34} z10		1,5	[z49]
Lezennes	6,8	z4,z23	1,7
Libreville	28	z10	1,6
Ligeo	30	l,v	1,2
Ligna	35	z10	z6
Lika	6,7	i	1,7
Lille	6,7,14	z38	–	[z82]
Limete	1,4,12,[27]	b	1,5
Lindenburg	6,8	i	1,2
Lindern	6,14,[24]	d	e,n,x
Lindi	38	r	1,5
Linguere	9,46	b	z6
Lingwala	16	z	1,7
Linton	13,23	r	e,n,z15
Lisboa	16	z10	1,6
Lishabi	9,46	z10	1,7
Litchfield	6,8	l,v	1,2
Liverpool	1,3,19	d	e,n,z15
Livingstone	6,7,14	d	l,w
Livulu	30	e,h	1,2
Ljubljana	4,12,27	k	e,n,x
Llandoff	1,3,19	z29	[z6]	[z37]
Llobregat	1,44	z10	e,n,x
Loanda	6,8	l,v	1,5
Lockleaze	6,7,14	b	e,n,x
Lode	17	r	1,2
Lodz	41	z29	–
Loenga	1,42	z10	z6
Logone	39	d	1,5
Lokomo	17	y	l,w
Lokstedt	1,3,19	l,z13,z28	1,2

133/166

Lomalinda	1,9,12	a	e,n,x
Lome	9,12	r	z6
Lomita	6,7	e,h	1,5
Lomnava	16	l,w	e,n,z15
London	3,{10}{15}	l,v	1,6
Lonestar	41	c	–
Losangeles	16	l,v	z6
Loubomo	4,12	z	1,6
Louga	30	b	1,2
Louisiana	9,46	z10	z6
Lovelace	13,22	l,v	1,5
Lowestoft	17	g,s,t	–
Lubumbashi	41	r	1,5
Luciana	11	a	e,n,z15
Luckenwalde	28	z10	e,n,z15
Luedinghausen	17	c	1,5
Luke	1,47	g,m	–
Lund	6,8	l,v	z6
Lutetia	51	r,i	l,z13,z28
Lyon	47	k	e,n,z15

		M
Maastricht	11	z41	1,2
Macallen	3,10	z36	–
Macclesfield	9,46	g,m,s	1,2,7
Machaga	1,3,19	i	e,n,x
Madelia	1,6,14,25	y	1,7
Madiago	1,3,19	c	1,7
Madigan	44	c	1,5
Madison	21	d	z6
Madjorio	3,10	d	e,n,z15
Madras	4,[5],12	m,t	e,n,z15
Magherafelt	8,20	i	l,w
Magumeri	1,6,14,25	e,h	1,6

134/166

Magwa	21	d	e,n,x
Mahina	9,46	z10	e,n,z15
Maiduguri	1,3,19	f,g,t	e,n,z15
Makiling	43	z29	–
Makiso	6,7	l,z13,z28	z6
Malakal	16	e,h	1,2
Malaysia	28	z10	1,7
Malika	44	l,z28	1,5
Malmoe	6,8	i	1,7
Malstatt	16	b	z6
Mampeza	1,6,14,25	i	1,5
Mampong	13,22	z35	1,6
Mana	9,12	b	e,n,z15
Manchester	6,8	l,v	1,7
Mandera	16	l,z13	e,n,z15
Mango	38	k	1,5
Manhattan	6,8	d	1,5	[z
				58]
Mannheim	11	k	l,w
Mapo	6,8	z10	1,5
Mara	39	e,h	1,5
Maracaibo	11	l,v	1,5
Marburg	13,23	k	–
Maricopa	1,42	g,z51	1,5
Marienthal	3,10	k	e,n,z15
Maritzburg	1,44	i	e,n,z15
Marmande	6,8	z	1,7
Maron	3,10	d	z35
Maroua	11	z	1,7
Marsabit	52	l,w	1,5
Marseille	11	a	1,5
Marshall	13,22	a	l,z13,z28
Martonos	6,14,24	d	1,5
Maryland	57	b	1,7
Marylebone	9,46	k	1,2
Masembe	3,10	a	e,n,x
Maska	1,4,12,27	z41	e,n,z15
Massakory	35	r	l,w
Massenya	1,4,12,27	k	1,5
Massilia	11	a	1,6
Matadi	17	k	e,n,x
Mathura	9,46	i	e,n,z15

135/166

Matopeni	30	y	1,2
Mattenhof	17	b	e,n,x
Maumee	16	k	1,6
Mayday	9,46	y	z6
Mbandaka	6,7,14	z10	e,n,z15	[z37],[z45]
Mbao	43	i	1,2
Meekatharra	45	a	e,n,z15
Melaka	16	b	1,2,5
Melbourne	42	z	e,n,z15
Meleagridis		3,{10}{15}{15,34} e,h	l,w
Memphis	18	k	1,5
Menden	6,7	z10	1,2
Mendoza	9,12	l,v	1,2
Menston	6,7	g,s,[t]	[1,6]
Mesbit	47	m,t	e,n,z15
Meskin	51	e,h	1,2
Messina	30	d	1,5
Mgulani	38	i	1,2
Miami	1,9,12	a	1,5
Michigan	17	l,v	1,5
Middlesbrough	1,42	i	z6
Midway	6,14,24	d	1,7
Mikawasima	6,7,14	y	e,n,z15	[z47],[z50]
Millesi	1,40	l,v	1,2
Milwaukee	43	f,g,[t]	–
Mim	13,22	a	1,6
Minna	1,6,14,25	c	l,w
Minnesota	21	b	e,n,x	[z33],[z49]
Mishmarhaemek	1,13,23	d	1,5
Mississippi	1,13,23	b	1,5
Missouri	11	g,s,t	–
Miyazaki	9,12	l,z13	1,7
Mjordan	30	i	e,n,z15
Mkamba	6,7	l,v	1,6
Moabit	16	e,h	l,w
Mocamedes	28	d	e,n,x
Moero	28	b	1,5
Moers	11	m,t	–
Mokola	3,10	y	1,7
Molade	8,20	z10	z6
Molesey	52	b	1,5

136/166

Mono	4,12	l,w	1,5
Mons	1,4,12,27	d	l,w
Monschaui	35	m,t	–
Montaigu	9,46	b	1,2
Montevideo	6,7,14,[54]	g,m,[p],s	[1,2,7]
Montreal	43	c	1,5
Morbihan	16	m,t	e,n,z15
Morehead	30	i	1,5
Morillons	28	m,t	1,6
Morningside	30	c	e,n,z15
Mornington	1,6,14,25	y	e,n,z15
Morocco	30	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Morotai	17	l,v	1,2
Moroto	28	z10	l,w
Moscow	1,9,12	g,q	–
Moualine	47	y	1,6
Moundou	51	l,z28	1,5
Mountmagnet	21	r	–
Mountpleasant	47	z	1,5
Moussoro	1,6,14,25	i	e,n,z15
Mowanjum	6,8	z	1,5
Mpouto	16	m,t	–
Muenchen	6,8	d	1,2	[z67]
Muenster		3,{10}{15}{15,34} e,h	1,5	[z48]
Muguga	44	m,t	–
Mulhouse	1,9,12	z	1,2
Mundonobo	28	d	1,7
Mundubbera	54	z29	–
Mura	1,4,12	z10	l,w
Mygdal	4,12	z91	–
Myrria	13,23	i	1,7

137/166

N
Naestved	1,9,12	g,p,s	–
Nagoya	6,8	b	1,5
Nakuru	1,4,12,27	a	z6
Namibia	6,7	c	e,n,x
Namoda	47	z10	e,n,z15
Namur	39	z4,z23	–
Nanergou	6,8	g,s,t	–
Nanga	1,13,23	l,v	e,n,z15
Nantes	9,46	y	l,w
Napoli	1,9,12	l,z13	e,n,x
Narashino	6,8	a	e,n,x
Nashua	28	l,v	e,n,z15
Natal	9,12	z4,z24	–
Naware	16	z38	–
Nchanga	3,{10}{15}	l,v	1,2
Ndjamena	1,6,14,25	b	1,2
Ndolo	1,9,12	d	1,5
Neftenbach	4,12	z	e,n,x
Nessa	1,6,14,25	z10	1,2
Nessziona	6,7	l,z13	1,5
Neudorf	30	b	e,n,z15
Neukoelln	6,7	l,z13,[z28]	e,n,z15
Neumuenster	1,4,12,27	k	1,6
Neunkirchen	38	z10	[1,5]
Newholland	4,12,54	m,t	–
Newjersey	39	k	e,n,x
Newlands	3,{10}{15,34}	e,h	e,n,x
Newmexico	9,12	g,z51	1,5
Newport	6,8,20	e,h	1,2	[z67],[z78	]
Newrochelle	3,10	k	l,w
Newyork	13,22	g,s,t	–
Ngaparou	9,46	z4,z24	–
Ngili	6,7	z10	1,7
Ngor	1,3,19	l,v	1,5

138/166

Niakhar	44	a	1,5
Niamey	17	d	l,w
Niarembe	44	a	l,w
Niederoderwitz	43	b	–
Nieukerk	6,7,14	d	z6
Nigeria	6,7	r	1,6
Nijmegen	30	y	e,n,z15
Nikolaifleet	16	g,m,s	–
Niloese	1,3,19	d	z6
Nima	28	y	1,5
Nimes	13,22	z35	e,n,z15
Nitra	2,12	g,m	–
Niumi	1,3,19	a	1,5
Njala	38	k	e,n,x
Nola	6,7	e,h	1,7
Nordrhein	9,46	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Nordufer	6,8	a	1,7
Norton	6,7	i	l,w
Norwich	6,7	e,h	1,6
Nottingham	16	d	e,n,z15
Nowawes	40	z	z6
Noya	8	r	1,7
Nuatja	16	k	e,n,x
Nyanza	11	z	z6	[z83]
Nyborg	3,{10}{15}	e,h	1,7
Nyeko	16	a	1,7

		O
Oakey	6,7	m,t	z64
Oakland	6,7	z	1,6,[7]
Obogu	6,7	z4,z23	1,5
Ochiogu	1,3,19	z38	[e,n,z15]
Ochsenwerder	6,7,54	k	1,5
Ockenheim	30	l,z13,z28	1,6

139/166

Odienne	40	y	1,5
Odozi	30	k	e,n,[x],z
			15
Oerlikon	39	l,v	e,n,z15
Oesterbro	1,3,19	k	1,5
Offa	41	z38	–
Ogbete	43	z	1,5
Ohio	6,7,14	b	l,w	[z
				59]
Ohlstedt	3,{10}{15}	y	e,n,x
Okatie	13,23	g,[s],t	–
Okefoko	3,10	c	z6
Okerara	3,10	z10	1,2
Oldenburg	16	d	1,2
Olten	9,46	d	e,n,z15
Omifisan	1,40	z29	–
Omuna	6,7	z10	z35
Ona	28	g,s,t	–
Onarimon	1,9,12	b	1,2
Onderstepoort	1,6,14,[25]	e,h	1,5
Onireke	3,10	d	1,7
Ontario	9,46	d	1,5
Oran	38	a	e,n,z15
Oranienburg	6,7,14	m,t	[z57]
Orbe	42	b	1,6
Ord	52	a	e,n,z15
Ordonez	1,13,23	y	l,w
Orientalis	16	k	e,n,z15
Orion	3,{10}{15}{15,34} y		1,5
Oritamerin	6,7	i	1,5
Orlando	18	l,v	e,n,z15
Orleans	43	d	1,5
Os	9,12	a	1,6
Oskarshamn	28	y	1,2
Oslo	6,7,14	a	e,n,x
Osnabrueck	11	l,z13,z28	e,n,x
Othmarschen	6,7,14	g,m,[t]	–
Ottawa	1,9,12	z41	1,5
Ouagadougou	1,3,19	i	1,5
Ouakam	9,46	z29	–	[z45]
Oudwijk	13,22	b	1,6
Overchurch	1,40	l,w	[1,2]
Overschie	51	l,v	1,5

140/166

Overvecht	30	a	1,2
Oxford	3,{10}{15}{15,34} a		1,7
Oyonnax	6,7	y	1,6

		P
Pakistan	8	l,v	1,2
Palamaner	1,44	d	z35
Palime	6,7	z35	e,n,z15
Panama	1,9,12	l,v	1,5	[R1…]
Papuana	6,7	r	e,n,z15
Parakou	1,42	l,w	z35
Paratyphi A	1,2,12	a	[1,5]
Paratyphi B	1,4,[5],12	b	1,2	[z
				5],[z	33]
Paratyphi C	6,7,[Vi]	c	1,5
Paris	8,20	z10	1,5
Parkroyal	1,3,19	l,v	1,7
Pasing	4,12	z35	1,5
Patience	28	d	e,n,z15
Penarth	9,12	z35	z6
Penilla	28	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Pensacola	1,9,12	m,t	[1,2]
Perth	38	y	e,n,x
Petahtikve	1,3,19	f,g,t	1,7
Phaliron	8	z	e,n,z15
Pharr	11	b	e,n,z15
Picpus	13,23	z35	1,6
Pietersburg	3,{10}{15,34}	z69	1,7
Pisa	16	i	l,w
Planckendael	6,7	z4,z23	1,6
Ploufragan	1,44	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Plumaugat	6,7	g,s,q	–
Plymouth	9,46	d	z6
Poano	[1],6,14,[25]	z	l,z13,z28
Podiensis	3,10	z10	e,n,x

141/166

Poeseldorf	8,20,54	i	z6
Poitiers	6,7	z	1,5
Pomona	28	y	1,7	[z80],[z90]
Pontypridd	18	g,m	–
Poona	1,13,22	z	1,6	[z44],[z59]
Portanigra	8,20	d	1,7
Portland	9,12	z10	1,5
Potengi	18	z	–
Potosi	6,14	z36	1,5
Potsdam	6,7,14	l,v	e,n,z15
Potto	9,46	i	z6
Powell	9,12	y	1,7
Praha	6,8	y	e,n,z15
Pramiso	3,10	c	1,7
Presov	6,8	b	e,n,z15
Preston	1,4,12	z	l,w
Pretoria	11	k	1,2
Putten	13,23	d	l,w

		Q
Quebec	44	c	e,n,z15
Quentin	9,46	d	1,6
Quincy	30	r	1,6
Quinhon	47	z44	–
Quiniela	6,8	c	e,n,z15

142/166

R
Ramatgan	30	k	1,5
Ramsey	28	l,w	1,6
Ratchaburi	3,10	z35	1,6
Raus	13,22	f,g	e,n,x
Rawash	6,14,18	c	e,n,x
Reading	1,4,[5],12	e,h	1,5	[R1…]
Rechovot	8,20	e,h	z6
Redba	6,7	z10	z6
Redhill	11	e,h	l,z13,z28
Redlands	16	z10	e,n,z15
Regent	3,10	f,g,[s]	[1,6]
Reinickendorf	4,12	l,z28	e,n,x
Remete	11	z4,z23	1,6
Remiremont	8,20	z10	l,w
Remo	1,4,12,27	r	1,7
Reubeuss	8,20	g,m,t	–
Rhone	21	c	e,n,x
Rhydyfelin	16	e,h	e,n,x
Richmond	6,7	y	1,2
Rideau	1,3,19	f,g	–
Ridge	9,12	c	z6
Ried	1,13,22	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Riggil	6,7	g,(t)	–
Riogrande	40	b	1,5
Rissen	6,7,14	f,g	–
Rittersbach	38	b	e,n,z15
Riverside	45	b	1,5
Roan	38	l,v	e,n,x
Rochdale	50	b	e,n,x
Rogy	28	z10	1,2
Romanby	1,13,23	z4,z24	–
Roodepoort	1,13,22	z10	1,5
Rosenberg	9,12	g,z85	–
Rossleben	3,54	e,h	1,6

143/166

Rostock	1,9,12	g,p,u	–
Rothenburgsort	38	m,t	–
Rottnest	1,13,22	b	1,7
Rovaniemi	16	r,i	1,5
Royan	1,6,14,25	z	e,n,z15
Ruanda	9,12	z10	e,n,z15
Rubislaw	11	r	e,n,x
Ruiru	21	y	e,n,x
Rumford	6,7	z38	1,2	[z82]
Runby	1,6,14,25	c	e,n,x
Ruzizi	3,10	l,v	e,n,z15

		S
Saarbruecken	1,9,12	a	1,7
Saboya	16	e,h	1,5
Sada	30	z10	1,2
Saintemarie	52	g,t	–
Saintpaul	1,4,[5],12	e,h	1,2
Salford	16	l,v	e,n,x
Salinas	40	a	1,7
Sally	41	z	1,6
Saloniki	16	z29	–
Samaru	41	i	1,5
Sambre	1,3,19	z4,z24	–
Sandaga	3,10	z38	1,2
Sandiego	1,4,[5],12	e,h	e,n,z15
Sandow	6,8	f,g	e,n,z15
Sanga	8	b	1,7
Sangalkam	9,46	m,t	–
Sangera	16	b	e,n,z15
Sanjuan	6,7	a	1,5
Sanktgeorg	28	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Sanktjohann	13,23	b	l,w
Sanktmarx	1,3,19	e,h	1,7

144/166

Santander	28	z35	e,n,z15
Santhiaba	40	l,z28	1,6
Santiago	8,20	c	e,n,x
Sao	1,3,19	e,h	e,n,z15
Sapele	13,23	z10	e,n,z15
Saphra	16	y	1,5
Sara	1,6,14,25	z38	[e,n,x]
Sarajane	1,4,[5],12,[27]	d	e,n,x
Saugus	40	b	1,7
Scarborough	30	k	l,z13,z28
Schalkwijk	6,14,[24]	i	e,n,z15
Schleissheim	4,12,27	b	–
Schoeneberg	1,3,19	z	e,n,z15
Schwabach	6,7	c	1,7
Schwarzengrund	1,4,12,27	d	1,7
Schwerin	6,8	k	e,n,x
Sculcoates	16	d	1,5
Seattle	28	a	e,n,x
Sedgwick	44	b	e,n,z15
Seegefeld	3,10	r,i	1,2
Sekondi	3,10	e,h	z6
Selby	28	y	z6
Sendai	1,9,12	a	1,5
Senegal	11	r	1,5
Senftenberg	1,3,19	g,[s],t	–	[z27],[z34	],[z37],[z43	],
				[z45], [z46],[z82]
Senneville	30	z10	1,5
Seremban	9,12	i	1,5
Serrekunda	3,10	k	1,7
Shahalam	44	b	1,6
Shamba	16	c	e,n,x
Shangani	3,{10}{15}	d	1,5
Shanghai	16	l,v	1,6	[z45]
Shannon	3,10	z35	l,w
Sharon	11	k	1,6
Sheffield	38	c	1,5
Sherbrooke	16	d	1,6
Shikmonah	40	a	1,5
Shipley	8,20	b	e,n,z15
Shomolu	28	y	l,w
Shoreditch	9,46	r	e,n,z15

145/166

Shubra	4,[5],12	z	1,2
Sica	41	b	e,n,z15
Simi	3,10	r	e,n,z15
Sinchew	3,10	l,v	z35
Sindelfingen	8,20	y	l,w
Singapore	6,7	k	e,n,x
Sinstorf	3,10	l,v	1,5
Sinthia	18	z38	–
Sipane	1,42	r	e,n,z15
Skansen	6,8	b	1,2
Slade	1,3,19	y	e,n,z15
Sljeme	1,47	f,g	–
Sloterdijk	1,4,12,27	z35	z6
Soahanina	6,14,24	z	e,n,x
Soerenga	30	i	l,w
Sokode	9,46	r	z6
Solna	28	a	1,5
Solt	11	y	1,5
Somone	6,7	z4,z24	–
Sontheim	9,46	d	z35
Soumbedioune	28	b	e,n,x
Southampton	4,12,27	r	z6
Southbank		3,{10}{15}{15,34} m,t	[1,6]
Souza	3,{10}{15}	d	e,n,x
Spalentor	1,42	y	e,n,z15
Spartel	21	d	1,5
Splott	44	g,s,t	[1,7]
Stachus	38	z	–
Stanley	1,4,[5],12,[27]	d	1,2
Stanleyville	1,4,[5],12,[27]	z4,z23	[1,2]
Staoueli	47	k	1,2
Steinplatz	30	y	1,6
Steinwerder	3,15,54	y	1,5
Stellingen	47	d	e,n,x	[z58]
Stendal	11	l,v	1,2
Sternschanze	30	g,s,t	–	[z59]
Sterrenbos	6,8	d	e,n,x
Stockholm	3,{10}{15}	y	z6
Stoneferry	30	z4,z23	–
Stormont	3,10	d	1,2
Stourbridge	6,8	b	1,6

146/166

Straengnaes	11	z10	1,5
Strasbourg	9,46	d	1,7
Stratford	1,3,19	i	1,2
Strathcona	6,7	l,z13,z28	1,7
Stuivenberg	1,3,19	l,[z13],z28	1,5
Stuttgart	6,7,14	i	z6
Suberu	3,10	g,m	–
Sudan	43	l,z13	–
Suelldorf	45	f,g	–
Sundsvall	[1],6,14,[25]	z	e,n,x
Sunnycove	8	y	e,n,x
Surat	[1],6,14,[25]	r,[i]	e,n,z15
Surrey	21	k	1,(2),5
Svedvi	1,3,19	l,v	e,n,z15
Sya	47	b	z6
Sylvania	[1],6,14,[25]	g,p	–
Szentes	16	k	1,2

		T
Tabligbo	47	z4,z23	e,n,z15
Tado	8,20	c	z6
Tafo	1,4,12,27	z35	1,7
Taiping	13,22	l,z13	e,n,z15
Takoradi	6,8	i	1,5
Taksony	1,3,19	i	z6
Tallahassee	6,8	z4,z32	–
Tamale	8,20	z29	[e,n,z15]
Tambacounda	1,3,19	b	e,n,x
Tamberma	47	z4,z24	–
Tamilnadu	6,7	z41	z35
Tampico	6,7	z36	e,n,z15
Tananarive	6,8	y	1,5
Tanger	1,13,22	y	1,6
Tanzania	1,13,22	z	e,n,z15

147/166

Tarshyne	9,12	d	1,6
Taset	1,42	z41	–
Taunton	28	k	e,n,x
Taylor	38	l,v	e,n,z15
Tchad	35	b	–
Tchamba	17	z	e,n,z15
Techimani	28	c	z6
Teddington	1,4,12,27	y	1,7
Tees	16	f,g	–	[z37]
Tejas	4,12	z36	–
Teko	[1],6,14,[25]	d	e,n,z15
Telaviv	28	y	e,n,z15
Telelkebir	13,23	d	e,n,z15
Telhashomer	11	z10	e,n,x
Teltow	28	z4,z23	1,6
Tema	1,42	z35	z6
Tempe	30	b	1,7	[z33]
Tendeba	17	y	e,n,x
Tennenlohe	18	r	1,5
Tennessee	6,7,14	z29	[1,2,7]
Tennyson	4,[5],12	g,z51	e,n,z15
Teshie	1,47	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Texas	4,[5],12	k	e,n,z15
Thayngen	1,4,12,27	z41	1,(2),5
Thetford	43	k	1,2
Thiaroye	38	e,h	1,2
Thies	1,3,19	y	1,7
Thompson	6,7,14	k	1,5	[R1…]
Tibati	3,10	i	1,6
Tienba	6,7	z35	1,6
Tiergarten	44	a	e,n,x
Tiko	1,40	l,z13,z28	1,2
Tilburg	1,3,19	d	l,w	[z49]
Tilene	1,40	e,h	1,2
Tinda	1,4,12,27	a	e,n,z15
Tione	51	a	e,n,x
Togba	16	a	e,n,x
Togo	4,12	l,w	1,6
Tokoin	4,12	z10	e,n,z15
Tomegbe	1,42	b	e,n,z15
Tomelilla	1,3,19	l,z28	1,7

148/166

Tonev	21,54	b	e,n,x
Toowong	11	a	1,7
Torhout	30	e,h	1,5
Toricada	1,42	z4,z24	–
Tornow	45	g,m,[s],[t]	–
Toronto	9,46	l,v	e,n,x
Toucra	48	z	1,5	[z
				58]
Toulon	18	l,w	e,n,z15
Tounouma	8,20	b	z6
Tours	11	l,z13	1,2
Trachau	4,12,27	y	1,5
Transvaal	45	z4,z24	–
Travis	4,[5],12	g,z51	1,7
Treforest	1,51	z	1,6
Treguier	9,12	z10	z6
Trier	16	z35	1,6
Trimdon	9,46	z35	z6
Tripoli	1,4,12,27	b	z6
Trotha	40	z10	z6
Troy	18	y	1,7
Truro	3,10	i	1,7
Tschangu	1,13,23	e,h	1,5
Tsevie	1,4,12	i	e,n,z15
Tshiongwe	6,8	e,h	e,n,z15
Tucson	[1],6,14,[25]	b	1,7
Tudu	4,12	z10	1,6
Tumodi	1,4,12	i	z6
Tunis	1,13,23	y	z6
Typhi	9,12[Vi]	d	–	[j],[z66]
Typhimurium	1,4,[5],12	i	1,2
Typhisuis	6,7	c	1,5
Tyresoe	1,4,12,[27]	l,[z13],z28	1,5

149/166

U
Uccle	3,54	g,s,t	–
Uganda	3,{10}{15}	l,z13	1,5
Ughelli	3,10	r	1,5
Uhlenhorst	44	z	l,w
Uithof	52	a	1,5
Ullevi	1,13,23	b	e,n,x
Umbadah	1,3,19	d	1,2
Umbilo	28	z10	e,n,x
Umhlali	6,7	a	1,6
Umhlatazana	35	a	e,n,z15
Uno	6,8	z29	[e,n,z15]
Uppsala	1,4,12,27	b	1,7
Urbana	30	b	e,n,x
Ursenbach	1,42	z	1,6
Usumbura	6,14,18	d	1,7
Utah	6,8	c	1,5
Utrecht	52	d	1,5
Uzaramo	1,6,14,25	z4,z24	–

		V
Vaertan	13,22	b	e,n,x
Valdosta	6,8	a	1,2
Vancouver	16	c	1,5
Vanier	28	z	1,5
Vaugirard	41	b	1,6
Vegesack	16	b	l,w
Vejle	3,{10}{15}	e,h	1,2	[z27]
Vellore	1,4,12,27	z10	z35

150/166

Veneziana	11	i	e,n,x
Verona	41	i	1,6
Verviers	45	k	1,5
Victoria	1,9,12	l,w	1,5
Victoriaborg	17	c	1,6
Vietnam	41	b	z6
Vilvoorde	1,3,19	e,h	1,5
Vinohrady	28	m,t	[e,n,z15]
Virchow	6,7,14	r	1,2
Virginia	8	d	1,2
Visby	1,3,19	b	1,6
Vitkin	28	l,v	e,n,x
Vleuten	44	f,g	–
Vogan	1,42	z38	z6
Volkmarsdorf	28	i	1,6
Volta	11	r	l,z13,z28
Vom	1,4,12,27	l,z13,z28	e,n,z15
Voulte	43	i	e,n,x
Vridi	1,13,23	e,h	l,w
Vuadens	4,12,27	z4,z23	z6

		W
Wa	16	b	1,5
Waedenswil	9,46	e,h	1,5
Wagadugu	3,10	z4,z23	z6
Wagenia	1,4,12,27	b	e,n,z15
Wanatah	1,3,19	d	1,7
Wandsworth	39	b	1,2
Wangata	1,9,12	z4,z23	[1,7]
Waral	1,42	m,t	–
Warengo	17	z	1,5
Warmsen	45	d	e,n,z15
Warnemuende	28	i	e,n,x

151/166

Warnow	6,8	i	1,6
Warragul	[1],6,14,[25]	g,m	–
Warri	17	k	1,7
Washington	13,22	m,t	–
Waycross	41	z4,z23	[e,n,z15]
Wayne	30	g,z51	–
Wedding	28	c	e,n,z15
Welikade	16	l,v	1,7
Weltevreden	3,{10}{15}	r	z6
Wenatchee	47	b	1,2
Wentworth	11	z10	1,2
Wernigerode	9,46	f,g	–
Weslaco	42	z36	–
Westafrica	9,12	e,h	1,7
Westeinde	16	l,w	1,6
Westerstede	1,3,19	l,z13	1,2
Westhampton		3,{10}{15}{15,34} g,s,t	–	[z37]
Westminster	3,{10}{15}	b	z35
Weston	16	e,h	z6
Westphalia	35	z4,z24	–
Weybridge	3,10	d	z6
Wichita	1,13,23	d	1,6	[z
				37]
Widemarsh	35	z29	–
Wien	1,4,12,[27]	b	l,w
Wil	6,7	d	l,z13,z28
Wilhelmsburg	1,4,[5],12,[27]	z38	[e,n,z15]
Willamette	38	d	1,5
Willemstad	1,13,22	e,h	1,6
Wilmington	3,10	b	z6
Wimborne	3,10	k	1,2
Windermere	39	y	1,5
Windsheim	51	a	1,2
Wingrove	6,8	c	1,2
Winneba	4,12	r	1,6
Winnipeg	54	e,h	1,5
Winslow	13,22	z	1,5
Winston	6,7	m,t	1,6
Winterthur	1,3,19	l,z13	1,6
Wippra	6,8	z10	z6
Wisbech	16	i	1,7
Wohlen	11	b	1,6

152/166

Woodhull	1,6,14,25	d	1,6
Woodinville	11	c	e,n,x
Worb	9,46	b	e,n,x
Worthington	1,13,23	z	l,w	[z43]
Woumbou	11	y	e,n,x,z15
Wuiti	30	z35	e,n,z15
Wuppertal	9,46	z41	–
Wyldegreen	1,13,23	a	l,w

		Y
Yaba	3,{10}{15}	b	e,n,z15
Yalding	1,3,19	r	e,n,z15
Yaounde	1,4,12,27	z35	e,n,z15
Yardley	28	g,m	1,6
Yarm	6,8	z35	1,2
Yarrabah	13,23	y	1,7
Yeerongpilly	3,10	i	z6
Yehuda	11	z4,z24	–
Yekepa	1,40	z35	e,n,z15
Yellowknife	9,12	r	e,n,x
Yenne	1,3,19	z10	1,5
Yerba	54	z4,z23	–
Yoff	38	z4,z23	1,2
Yokoe	8,20	m,t	–
Yolo	35	c	[e,n,z15]
Yombesali	47	z35	z6
Yopougon	45	z	e,n,z15
York	9,12	l,z28	e,n,z15
Yoruba	16	c	l,w
Yovokome	8,20	d	1,5
Yundum	3,10	k	e,n,x

153/166

Z
Zadar	9,46	b	1,6
Zaiman	9,12	l,v	e,n,x
Zaire	30	c	1,7
Zanzibar	3,{10}{15}	k	1,5
Zaria	17	k	e,n,z15
Zega	9,12	d	z6
Zehlendorf	30	a	1,5
Zerifin	6,8	z10	1,2
Zigong	16	l,w	1,5
Zinder	44	z29	–
Zongo	3,10	z35	1,7
Zuilen	1,3,19	i	l,w
Zwickau	16	r,i	e,n,z15

154/166

ALPHABETIC LIST OF SEROVAR NAMES WITHDRAWN FROM THE
SCHEME

(Symbols : =, identical to … ; =>, combined with …)

155/166

156/166

Abortusbovis	=>	Abony
Abortuscanis	=>	Paratyphi B
II Acres	=	II 1,13,23:b:[1,5]:z42
II Alexander	=	II 3,10:z:1,5
II Alsterdorf	=	II 1,40:g,[m],[s],t:[1,5]
II Angola	=	II 1,9,12:z:z6
Anie	=>	Mesbit
Ardwick	=	Rissen var. 14+
IV Argentina	=	IV 6,7:z36:-
Arkansas	=	Muenster var. 15+,34+
II Artis	=	II 56:b:[1,5]
II Askraal	=	II 51:l,z28:z6
Atherton	=	Waycross
Atlanta	=>	Mississippi
II Atra	=	II 50:m,t:z6:z42
II Bacongo	=	II 6,7:z36:z42
V Balboa	=	V 48:z41:-
Bambesa	=>	Miami
Bantam	=	Meleagridis
II Baragwanath	=	II 6,8:m,t:1,5
II Basel	=	II 58:l,z13,z28:1,5
Batavia	=	Lexington
II Bechuana	=	1,4,12,[27]:g,[m],t:[1,5]
II Bellville	=	II 16:e,n,x:1,(5),7
II Beloha	=	II 18:z36:-
IV Bern	=	IV 40:z4,z32:-
II Betioky	=	II 59:k:z65
II Bilthoven	=	II 47:a:1,5
Binza	=	Orion var. 15+
II Blankenese	=	II 1,9,12:b:z6

	157/166

II Bleadon	=	II 17:g,t:[e,n,x,z15]
II Bloemfontein	=	II 6,7:b:e,n,x:z42
IV Bockenheim	=	IV 1,53:z36,z38:-
II Boksburg	=	II 40:g,m,s,t:e,n,x
IV Bonaire	=	IV 50:z4,z32:-
V Bongor	=	V 48:z35:-
VI Bornheim	=	VI 1,6,14,25:z10:1,(2),7
Bornum	=	Lille var. 14+
II Boulders	=	II 1,13,23:m,t:z42
II Bremen	=	II 45:g,m,s,t:e,n,x
V Brookfield	=	V 66:z41:-
Broxbourne	=	Wien
Buenosaires	=	Bonariensis
II Bulawayo	=	II 1,40:z:1,5
II Bunnik	=	II 43:z42:1,5,7
Cairo	=>	Stanley
II Caledon	=	II 1,4,12,[27]:g,[m],[s],t:e,n,x
II Calvinia	=	II 6,7:a:z42
Cambridge	=	Meleagridis var. 15+
V Camdeni	=	V 44:r:-
II Canastel	=	II 9,12:z29:1,5
Canoga	=	Westhampton var. 15+,34+
II Cape	=	II 6,7:z6:1,7
Cardiff	=>	Thompson
II Carletonville	=	II 38:d:[1,5]
II Ceres	=	II 28:z:z39
IV Chameleon	=	IV 16:z4,z32:-
II Chersina	=	II 47:z:z6
II Chinovum	=	II 42:b:1,5
II Chudleigh	=	II 3,10:e,n,x:1,7
Clichy	=	Goelzau var. 15+
II Clifton	=	II 13,22:z29:1,5

	158/166

II Clovelly	=	II 1,44:z39:e,n,x,z15
Congo	=>	Agbeni
II Constantia	=	II 17:z:l,w:z42
Cook	=>	Champaign
Dalat	=>	Ball
II Daressalaam	=	II 1,9,12:l,w:e,n,x
Decatur	=>	Choleraesuis
II Degania	=	II 40:z4,z24:z39
II Detroit	=	II 42:z:1,5
Drypool	=	Amsterdam var. 15+
II Dubrovnik	=	II 41:z:1,5
II Duivenhoks	=	II 9,46:g,[m],[s],t:[e,n,x]
II Durbanville	=	II 1,4,12,[27]:z39:1,[5],7
II Eilbek	=	IIIb 61:i:z
Eimsbuettel	=	Livingstone var. 14+
II Ejeda	=	II 45:a:z10
II Elsiesrivier	=	II 16:z42:1,6
II Emmerich	=	II 6,14:m,t:e,n,x
II Epping	=	II 1,13,23:e,n,x:1,[5],7
II Erlangen	=	II 48:g,m,t:-
Eschersheim	=	Souza var. 15+
II Etosha	=	II 48:d:1,2
II Fandran	=	II 1,40:z35:e,n,x,z15
II Faure	=	II 50:z42:1,7
Ferlac	=	VI 1,6,14,25:a:e,n,x
II Finchley	=	II 3,10:z:e,n,x
IV Flint	=	IV 50:z4,z23:-
II Foulpointe	=	II 38:g,t:-
II Fremantle	=	II 42:g,t:-
II Fuhlsbuettel	=	II 3,10:l,v:z6
Gelsenkirchen	=	Gdansk var. 14+
II Germiston	=	II 6,8:m,t:e,n,x

	159/166

II Gilbert	=	II 6,7:z39:1,5,7
II Glencairn	=	II 11:a:z6:z42
Goerlitz	=	Vejle var. 15+
II Gojenberg	=	II 1,13,23:g,t:1,5
II Goodwood	=	II 13,22:z29:e,n,x
II Grabouw	=	II 11:g,[m],s,t:z39
II Greenside	=	II 50:z:e,n,x
II Grunty	=	II 1,40:z39:1,6
II Gwaai	=	II 21:z4,z24:-
II Haarlem	=	II 9,46:z:e,n,x
II Haddon	=	II 16:z4,z23:-
II Hagenbeck	=	II 48:d:z6
Halmstad	=	Westhampton var. 15+
II Hamburg	=>	II 1,9,12:g,m,[s],t:[1,5,7]:[z
			42]
Hamilton	=	Vejle var. 15+,[Rz27]
II Hammonia	=	II 48:e,n,x,z15:z6
IV Harmelen	=	IV 51:z4,z23:-
II Heilbron	=	II 6,7:l,z28:1,5:[z42]
II Helsinki	=	II 1,4,12:z29:e,n,x
Heves	=	6,14,[24]:d:1,5
II Hillbrow	=	II 17:b:e,n,x,z15
Hirschfield	=	Paratyphi C
II Hooggraven	=	II 50:z10:z6:z42
IV Houten	=	IV 43:z4,z23:-
II Hueningen	=	II 9,12:z:z39
II Huila	=	II 11:l,z28:e,n,x
II Humber	=	II 53:z4,z24:-
Illinois	=	Lexington var. 15+,34+
II Islington	=	II 3,10:g,t:-
Italiana	=>	Panama
Iwojima	=	Kentucky
II Jacksonville	=	II 16:z29:e,n,x

160/166

Jaja	=	Stanleyville var. 27+
Java	=	Paratyphi B var. L(+) tartrate (= d-tartrate)+
Joenkoeping	=>	Kingston
II Kaltenhausen	=	II 28:b:z6
Kanda	=	Meleagridis
Kaposvar	=>	Reading
II Katesgrove	=	II 1,13,23,m,t:1,5
II Khami	=	II 47:b:e,n,x,z15
Khartoum	=	Oxford var. 15+,34+
II Kilwa	=	II 4,12:l,w:e,n,x
Kinshasa	=	Uganda var. 15+
II Klapmuts	=	II 45:z:z39
II Kluetjenfelde	=	II 4,12:d:e,n,x
II Kommetje	=	II 43:b:z42
II Kraaifontein	=>	II 1,13,23:g,m,[s],t:[e,n,x]
IV Kralendyk	=	IV 6,7:z4,z24:-
II Krugersdorp	=	II 50:e,n,x:1,7
II Kuilsrivier	=	II 1,9,12:g,m,s,t:e,n,x
Lanka	=	Weltevreden var. 15+
II Lethe	=	II 41:g,t:-
II Lichtenberg	=	II 41:z10:z6
II Limbe	=	II 1,13,22:g,m,t:[1,5]
II Lincoln	=	II 11:m,t:e,n,x
II Lindrick	=	II 9,12:e,n,x:1,[5],7
II Llandudno	=	II 28:g,(m),[s],t:1,5
II Lobatsi	=	II 52:z44:1,5,7
II Locarno	=	II 57:z29:z42
IV Lohbruegge	=	IV 44:z4,z32:-

	161/166

II Louwbester	=	II 16:z:e,n,x
II Luanshya	=	II 1,13,23:g,m,[s],t:[e,n,x]
II Lundby	=	II 9,46:b:e,n,x
II Lurup	=	II 41:z10:e,n,x,z15
II Luton	=	II 60:z:e,n,x
II Maarssen	=	II 9,46:z4,z24:z39:z42
III Maartensdijk	=	IIIa 40:g,z51:-
II Makoma	=	II 1,4,[5],12,[27]:a:e,n,x
II Makumira	=	II 1,4,12,[27]:e,n,x:1,[5],7
V Malawi	=	V 66:z65:-
II Manica	=>	II 1,9,12:g,m,[s],t:[1,5,7]:[z42]
Manila	=	Lexington var. 15+
II Manombo	=	II 57:z39:e,n,x,z15
V Maregrosso	=	V 66:z35:-
IV Marina	=	IV 48:g,z51:-
IV Maritza	=>	Salford
II Matroosfontein	=	II 3,10:a:e,n,x
Menhaden	=	Give var. 15+,34+
II Merseyside	=	II 16:g,t:[1,5]
Mexicana	=>	Muenchen
II Midhurst	=	II 53:l,z28:z39
Minneapolis	=	Anatum var. 15+,34+
Mission	=>	Isangi
II Mjimwema	=	II 1,9,12:b:e,n,x
II Mobeni	=	II 16:g,[m],[s],t:[e,n,x]
II Mondeor	=	II 39:l,z28:e,n,x
II Montgomery	=	II 11:a:d:e,n,z15
II Mosselbay	=	II 43:g,m,[s],t:[z42]
II Mpila	=	II 3,10:z38:z42
II Muizenberg	=>	II 1,9,12:g,m,[s],t:[1,5,7]:[z42]
IV Mundsburg	=	IV 11:g,z51:-

	162/166

II Nachshonim	=	II 1,13,23:z:1,5
II Nairobi	=	II 42:r:-
II Namib	=	II 50:g,[m],s,t:[1,5]
Nancy	=	Nchanga var. 15+
II Neasden	=	II 9,12:g,s,t:e,n,x
II Negev	=	II 41:z10:1,2
II Ngozi	=	II 48:z10:[1,5]
Newbrunswick	=	Give var. 15+
Newhaw	=	Muenster var. 15+
Newington	=	Anatum var. 15+
Nienstedten	=	Ohio var 14+
Nissii	=>	Ohio
II Nordenham	=	II 1,4,12,27:z:e,n,x
II Noordhoek	=	II 16:l,w:z6
II Nuernberg	=	II 42:z:z6
IV Ochsenzoll	=	IV 16:z4,z23:-
II Odijk	=	II 30:a:z39
II Oevelgoenne	=	II 28:r:e,n,z15
Omderman	=	Amersfoort var. 14+
Oregon	=>	Muenchen
II Ottershaw	=	II 40:d:-
II Oysterbeds	=	II 6,7:z:z42
Pankow	=	Shangani var. 15+
IV Parera	=	IV 11:z4,z23:-
II Parow	=	II 3,10,15:g,m,s,t:-
II Perinet	=	II 45:g,m,t:e,n,x,z15
II Phoenix	=	II 47:b:1,5
Pikine	=>	Altona
Portsmouth	=	London var. 15+
II Portbech	=	II 42:l,v:e,n,x,z15
Pueris	=>	Newport
Pullorum	=>	Gallinarum

	163/166

II Quimbamba	=	II 47:d:z39
II Rand	=	II 42:z:e,n,x,z15
II Rhodesiense	=	II 9,12:d:e,n,x
II Roggeveld	=	II 51:-:1,7
II Rooikrantz	=	II 1,6,14:m,t:1,5
Rosenthal	=	Butantan var. 15+,34+
IV Roterberg	=	IV 6,7:z4,z23:-
II Rotterdam	=	II 1,13,22:g,t:1,5
II Rowbarton	=	II 16:m,t:[z42]
Ruki	=>	Ball
Rutgers	=>	Give
IV Sachsenwald	=	IV 1,40:z4,z23:-
Saka	=>	Sya
Sakai	=	Postdam
II Sakaraha	=	II 48:k:z39
Salinatis	=>	Duisburg
II Sarepta	=	II 16:l,z28:z42
Schottmuelleri	=	Paratyphi B
II Seaforth	=	II 50:k:z6
Selandia	=	Nyborg var. 15+
IV Seminole	=	IV 1,40:g,z51:-
II Setubal	=	II 60:g,m,t:z6
II Shomron	=>	IIIa 18:z4,z32:-
Siegburg	=	Cerro var. 14+
II Simonstown	=	II 1,6,14:z10:1,5
Simsbury	=>	Senftenberg
Sladun	=>	Abony
II Slangkop	=	II 1,6,14:z10:z6:z42
II Slatograd	=	II 30:g,t:-
IV Soesterberg	=	IV 21:z4,z23:-
II Sofia	=	II 1,4,12,[27]:b:[e,n,x]
II Soutpan	=	II 11:z:z39

	164/166

II Springs	=	II 40:a:z39
VI Srinagar	=	VI 11:b:e,n,x
II Stellenbosch	=	II 1,9,12:z:1,7
II Stevenage	=	II 1,13,23:[z42]:1,[5],7
II Stikland	=	II 3,10:m,t:e,n,x
II Suarez	=	II 1,40:c:e,n,x,z15
II Suederelbe	=	II 1,9,12:b:z39
Suez	=	Shubra
Suipestifer	=	Choleraesuis
II Sullivan	=	II 6,7:z42:1,7
II Sunnydale	=	II 1,40:k:e,n,x,z15
II Sydney	=>	IIIb 48:i:z
II Tafelbaai	=	II 3,10:z:z39
Taihoku	=	Meleagridis
Thielallee	=	Oranienburg var. 14+
Thomasville	=	Orion var. 15+,34+
Tim	=>	Newington
II Tokai	=	II 57:z42:1,6:z53
II Tosamanga	=	II 6,7:z:1,5
Tournai	=	Stockholm var. 15+
II Tranoroa	=	II 55:k:z39
Tuebingen	=	Amager var. 15+
IV Tuindorp	=	IV 43:z4,z32:-
II Tulear	=	II 6,8:a:z52
II Tygerberg	=	II 1,13,23:a:z42
II Uphill	=	II 42:b:e,n,x,z15
II Utbremen	=	II 35:z29:e,n,x
II Veddel	=	II 43:g,t:-
Venusberg	=>	Nchanga
II Verity	=	II 17:e,n,x,z15:1,6
IV Volksdorf	=	IV 43:z36,z38:-
II Vredelust	=	II 1,13,23:l,z28:z42

	165/166

VI Vrindaban	=	VI 45:a:e,n,x
II Wandsbek	=	II 21:z10:z6
IV Wassenaar	=	IV 50:g,z51:-
II Westpark	=	II 3,10:l,z28:e,n,x
Wildwood	=	Meleagridis var. 15+,34+
II Wilhemstrasse	=>	II 52:z44:1,5,7
II Winchester	=	II 3,10:z39:1,[5],7
II Windhoek	=	II 45:g,m,s,t:1,5
II Woerden	=	II 17:c:z39
Womba	=>	Altendorf
II Woodstock	=	II 16:z42:1,(5),7
II Worcester	=	II 1,13,23:m,t:e,n,x
Wuerzburg	=>	Miami
II Wynberg	=	II 1,9,12:z39:1,7
Zagreb	=>	Saintpaul
II Zeist	=	II 18:z10:z6
II Zuerich	=	II 1,9,12,46,27:c:z39

	166/166

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HPP High Pressure Pasteurization

May 15, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Mandating (or lack thereof) HPP. USDA’s FSIS (Food Safety & Inspection Service) Directive 6120.1 on HPP inspection verification responsibilities has caused false rumors that HPP will become mandated. This documents wording implies that HPP requirement when, in fact, the document is simply stating the rules of a HACCP plan IF HPP were used by a company, not because it is mandatory.⁽²⁶⁾ Since 2009 FDA has worked with the FSIS and FIC (Food Industry Counsel) to enforce HACCP plans (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) on food companies (canned food excluded) because the FDA does not have the authority to enforce specific pathogen stop-gap measures. The 2016 USDA’s FSIS HACCP enforcement program is designed to ensure food safety and quality control by requiring raw food companies, for human and pet consumption, to maintain a detailed tracking log of manufacturing and testing procedures. It does enforce specific stop gap methods such as HPP, irradiation or cooking. Legally, according to the FSIS authority HACCP, itself, is considered a “stop gap method,” as are irradiation, HPP, cooking and “other methods” that are “not yet researched” (like fermentation) if their efficacy can be proven. ⁽²⁵⁾K&L Gates Docket No FDA-2010-D-0378; Draft Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 690.800, Salmonella in Animal Feed (75 Fed. Reg. 45,130 (August 2, 2010) Zero Tolerance Pathogens

E.coli is highly responsive to HPP, however since 2007 there has only been ONE recall of pet food for e.coli (dry food), making it a moot point for pet food regulation. ⁽¹⁷⁾Campylobacter – There is minimal reference to HPP’s ability to regulate Campylobacter. However, NO cases of campylobacter have ever been associated with pet food recall. ⁽¹⁸⁾Listeria monocytogenes has been observed to have a higher survival rate in cooked and HPP meat than in raw meats. ^{(Simpson and Gilmour 1997) (1)} NO Listeria outbreaks have ever been caused by pet products. ⁽¹⁵⁾Salmonella – In September of 2015 Dr. William James, a 28 year Chief Veterinarian of FSIS in charge of pathogen and residue sampling published a document showing his disappointment in FSIS’s ability to decrease Salmonella in food products since 2000 despite changes in policy. He states that FSIS will not change their regulatory strategy for Salmonella, despite its failures. ⁽¹³⁾ Since 2006 there have been 60 outbreaks caused by Salmonella, TWO of which were caused by COOKED, DRY PET FOOD (none from raw). ⁽¹⁶⁾^{https://herospets.com/the-science-behind-high-pressure-pasteurization-hpp/}

Recommending against commercially available raw (rather than co-op and grocery) decreases FDA credibility because FDA is tasked with monitoring safety of these products yet they publicly state that they are unsafe to use

L. monocytes is submissive to other bacteria. Hpp does not kill it but the presence of other bacteria prevent its proliferationhttps://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/salmonella/ucm295271.htm In this document, we use the phrase “adequately reduce” to mean reducing the presence of Salmonella spp. to an extent sufficient to prevent illness. The extent of reduction

CDC List of Salmonella Serovar related illnesses in order from most to least 2006-2016

May 15, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Subspecies	Serotype	Culture-confirmed cases reported to LEDS 2006-2016
1	Enteritidis	83303
1	Typhimurium	63773
1	Newport	47481
1	Javiana	25955
1	4,[5],12:i:-	18189
1	Heidelberg	13627
1	Montevideo	11495
1	Muenchen	10379
1	Infantis	10077
1	Saintpaul	9799
1	Oranienburg	8012
1	Braenderup	7878
1	Thompson	6332
1	Mississippi	5711
1	Typhi	4788
1	Agona	4685
1	Paratyphi B var. L(+) tartrate+	4486
1	Bareilly	4210
1	Poona	3844
i	O:4	3547
1	Berta	3038
1	Schwarzengrund	2934
1	Anatum	2872
1	Hadar	2601
1	Litchfield	2499
1	Stanley	2370
1	Hartford	2293
1	Mbandaka	2284
1	4,[5],12:b:-	2275
i	Unspecified	2210
1	Sandiego	1982
1	Panama	1980
1	Norwich	1935
1	13,23:b:-	1921
i	O:7	1780
1	Rubislaw	1757
1	Paratyphi A	1716
1	Senftenberg	1678
1	Dublin	1388
1	Tennessee	1326
1	Give	1309
1	Derby	1249
i	O:9	1229
1	Miami	1203
1	Kentucky	1026
1	Adelaide	1001
1	Uganda	996
1	Gaminara	981
1	Virchow	980
1	Manhattan	963
1	Waltevreden	889
i	O:8	883
1	Brandenburg	882
1	Reading	858
1	Paratyphi B	850
1	Bovismorbificans	817
1	Muenster	757
1	Pomona	713
1	Blockley	695
1	Hvittingfoss	686
1	Kiambu	656
1	Ohio	631
1	Inverness	620
1	Agbeni	522
1	Urbana	511
1	London	479
1	Chester	474
1	6,7:-:1,5	473
1	Johannesburg	434
1	Cotham	429
1	Baildon	423
1	Havana	422
1	Rissen	392
iii	Unspecified	382
1	Oslo	379
1	Worthington	363
1	Cerro	354
1	Bredeney	351
1	9,12:l,z28:-	346
1	Lomalinda	345
1	Telelkebir	339
Unspecified	O:13	336
1	Indiana	302
1	Minnesota	301
1	Albany	297
IV	50:z4,z23:-	284
1	Monschaui	267
1	Carrau	261
1	Corvallis	261
1	Ealing	250
1	Potsdam	238
1	6,7:k:-	219
3a	18:z4,z23:-	212
IV	Unspecified	210
1	Eastborne	197
1	9,12:-:1,5	196
1	Cubana	186
1	4,[5],12:-:1,2	185
IV	50:g,z51:-	182
1	Altona	180
1	Pensacola	180
1	Alachua	179
1	Meleagridis	165
IV	48:g,z51:-	160
1	Durban	156
3b	61:l,v:1,5,7	153
3a	48:g,z51:-	150
1	Chailey	147
3a	41:z4,z23:-	146
1	Concord	146
1	6,8:e,h:-	143
iiia	Unspecified	138
1	Livingstone	127
IV	O:3,10	127
ii	Unspecified	122
1	Choleraesuis	118
IV	44:z4,z23:-	117
1	6,7:r:-	115
1	Buzu	115
1	Kottbus	115
1	Wandsworth	114
1	Putten	112
1	4,[5],12:r:-	108
1	Liverpool	107
1	Arechavaleta	106
1	Nima	104
1	Singapore	102
1	6,7:e,h:-	99
1	Kintambo	98
1	4,[5],12:e,h:-	97
1	4,[5],12:d:-	94
1	6,8:d:-	94
1	Richmond	94
1	Barranquilla	89
1	Othmarschen	86
1	Widemarsh	84
1	Aberdeen	83
1	Isangi	82
3a	48:z4,z24:-	78
1	Fluntern	77
1	Tallahassee	77
3b	50:k:z	76
1	Holcomb	76
3b	50:r:z	75
1	6,8:-:1,2	73
1	Irumu	70
3b	48:i:z	69
1	Apapa	69
1	Stanleyville	68
IV	45:g,z51:-	67
Unspecified	O:4	65
1	Daytona	64
1	Abony	62
1	Luciana	61
1	Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf	59
1	Soerrenga	58
1	Bonariensis	57
1	Madelia	56
1	Haifa	55
1	Michigan	55
1	Napoli	54
1	Florida	53
1	Amager	52
Unspecified	O:50	51
2	13,23:b:[1,5]:z42	50
1	Colindale	50
1	Ago	48
1	Glostrup	48
3b	60:r:e,n,x,z15	47
1	Sundsvall	47
3b	61:-:1,5,(7)	46
1	6,7:y:-	45
1	Edinburg	45
3a	56:za,z23:-	44
1	Guinea	44
1	Kingabwa	44
2	58:.l,z13,z28:z6	43
1	Aqua	41
IV	16:z4,z32:-	40
IV	O:2	40
IV	43:z4,z23:-	38
1	Anecho	38
1	Coeln	38
1	Goldcoast	38
1	Orion	38
1	Agoueve	37
1	Amsterdam	36
1	Clackamas	36
1	Newmexico	36
1	47:z4,z23:-	35
3b	61:k:1,5,(7)	35
1	Denver	35
1	Duisburg	35
IV	44:z4,z32:-	34
3a	53:z4,z23:-	34
1	Connstatt	34
1	Durham	34
1	Saphra	34
1	Shubra	34
1	Takoradi	34
1	Westhampton	33
1	Bere	32
1	Carmel	32
3b	61:c:z35	31
1	Alabama	31
1	Nottingham	31
1	13,23:-:1,5	30
3b	47:k:z35	30
IV	48:z4,z32:-	30
1	3,10:-:1,5	29
IV	44:z36,[z38]	29
3b	61:z52:z53	29
1	Idikan	29
IV	44:z4z24:-	28
1	Roodepoort	28
1	Abaetetuba	27
1	Emek	27
1	Kisarawe	27
1	Kokomlemle	27
Unspecified	O:8	27
1	Grumpensis	26
1	Kedougou	26
1	Nchanga	26
Unspecified	O:11	26
1	Waycross	26
1	3,10:-:l,w	25
1	9,12:l,v:-	25
1	Herston	25
iiib	O:35	25
1	Gatuni	24
1	Hull	24
1	Jangwani	24
1	Larochelle	24
iiib	O:47	24
1	Poano	24
3b	53:z10:z35	23
1	Aarhus	23
1	Albert	23
3a	51:z4,z23:-	22
1	6,7:c:-	22
1	Agama	22
1	Beaudesert	22
1	Birkenhead	22
1	Mikawasima	22
3b	16:z10:e,n,x,z15	21
1	3,10:-:e,h	21
1	3,10:l,v:-	21
1	Benin	21
1	Hato	21
1	Lexington	21
1	9,12:a:-	20
1	Suelldorf	20
1	Tucson	20
1	6,8:-:1,5	19
1	Brazil	19
1	Fresno	19
1	Georgia	19
1	Lagos	19
3a	13,23:g,z51:-	18
3a	21:g,z51:-	18
1	6,7:l,w:-	18
3b	60:r:z	18
1	Molade	18
1	Offa	18
1	Okatie	18
1	Wangata	18
2	21:z10:[z6]	17
2	50:b:z6	17
IV	6,7:z4,z24:-	17
1	6,8:z10:-	17
1	Goettingen	17
1	Lattenkamp	17
IV	O:1,3,19	17
Unspecified	O:16	17
IV	40:z4,z24:-	16
1	Essen	16
1	Ibadan	16
1	Kingston	16
1	Lome	16
1	Overschie	16
2	47:b:1,5	15
1	Hindmarsh	15
1	Mataadi	15
3b	35:l,v:z35	14
1	38:k:-	14
3b	50:z52:z35	14
1	6,7:-:1,2	14
1	6,7:-:e,n,z15	14
1	9,12:,e,h:-	14
1	Anfo	14
1	Ituri	14
1	Matopeni	14
1	Saarbruecken	14
1	4,[5],12:-:1,5	13
3a	40:g,z51:-	13
2	47:b,:e,n,x,z15	13
3b	61:l,v:z35	13
1	9,12:g,z51:-	13
1	Kua	13
1	Lindenburg	13
iiib	O:61	13
1	Uzaramo	13
1	Wien	13
1	11:r:-	12
IV	11:z4,z23:-	12
1	16:d:-	12
3a	50:z4,z23:-	12
1	6,7:-:1,6	12
1	6,8:i:-	12
1	Eppendorf	12
1	Kisangani	12
1	Praha	12
1	13,22:z:-	11
3a	40:z4,z23:-	11
IV	40:z4,z32:-	11
3a	47:z4,z23:-	11
1	6,7:d:-	11
3b	61:i:z53	11
3b	65:(k):z	11
1	Brunei	11
Unspecified	O:17	11
Unspecified	O:7	11
1	Ouakam	11
1	Paratyphi C	11
1	Toucra	11
1	Uppsala	11
3a	13,22:z4,z23	10
1	28:i:-	10
3a	35:z4,z23:-	10
3a	44:za,z24:-	10
3b	47:r:z53	10
2	48:d:z6	10
3b	60:z52:z53	10
1	Chichiri	10
1	Dahra	10
Unspecified	O:48	10
3b	38:(k):z35	9
S bongori	48:z81:-	9
3b	50:z:z52	9
2	58:c:z6	9
1	Amoutive	9
1	Apeyeme	9
1	Blegdam	9
1	Bournemouth	9
1	Entebbe	9
1	Horsham	9
1	Lille	9
1	Lomita	9
1	Menston	9
1	Portland	9
1	13,22:-:1,6	8
1	13,23:z:-	8
3a	13,23:z4,z24	8
3b	35:k:e,n,x,z15	8
1	4,[5],12:l,v:-	8
3a	41:z4,z32:-	8
3b	42:(k):z35	8
3a	43:z4,z23:-	8
3b	47:k:-	8
2	48:a:z6	8
3b	48:z52:z	8
1	6,7:-:e,n,x	8
1	6,7:b:-	8
1	6,7:z10:-	8
3b	61:i:z	8
3b	65:z10:e,n,x,z15	8
1	Bukavu	8
1	Canada	8
1	Caracas	8
1	Fischerstrasse	8
1	Freetown	8
1	Inganda	8
1	Limte	8
1	Mgulani	8
Unspecified	O:30	8
Unspecified	O:35	8
Unspecified	O:39	8
1	16:b:-	7
2	30:l,z28:z6	7
1	4,[5],12:-:1,7	7
3b	48:c:z	7
S bongori	48:z35:-	7
3a	48:z4,z23:-	7
3b	53:z52:z53	7
1	8,20:i:-	7
1	Bahrenfeld	7
1	Brazzaville	7
1	Djugu	7
1	Israel	7
1	Krefeld	7
1	Oakland	7
1	Orientalis	7
1	Plymouth	7
1	Riverside	7
1	Ruiru	7
1	Tilene	7
VI	Unspecified	7
1	16:l,v:-	6
2	16:m,t:-	6
3a	35:z29:-	6
3b	38:l,v:z53	6
3a	40:z36:-	6
3b	48:r:z	6
3a	48:z29:-	6
3a	50:g,z51:-	6
3b	50:k:z53	6
IV	50:z4,z32:-	6
3b	53:z10:z35	6
2	6,7:-:1,6	6
1	6,8:l,v:-	6
1	Bassadji	6
1	Belem	6
1	Chandans	6
1	Ebrie	6
1	Loanda	6
1	Maumee	6
1	Nigeria	6
Unspecified	O:38	6
Unspecified	O:45	6
iiib	O:50	6
1	Romanby	6
1	Sangera	6
1	Tamberma	6
1	Tshiongwe	6
1	Umbilo	6
1	Woodinville	6
2	21:g,[m],[s],t:-	5
3a	21:z4,z23:-	5
1	3,10:-:1,6	5
1	3,10:-:1,7	5
1	3,10:r:-	5
IV	40:z4,z23:-	5
3a	42:z4,z23:-	5
3a	44:z4,z23,z32:-	5
3b	48:z4:z24	5
3b	50:l,v:z35	5
3a	51:g,z51:-	5
1	6,8:b:-	5
1	6,8:r:-	5
3b	65:(k):z53	5
2	9,12:z39:1,7	5
1	Aba	5
1	Abortusequi	5
1	Ball	5
1	California	5
1	Charity	5
1	Chicago	5
1	Chincol	5
1	Elisabethville	5
1	Friedrichsfelde	5
1	Galiema	5
1	Gatow	5
1	Itami	5
1	Kaduna	5
1	Koketime	5
1	Maricopa	5
1	Nessziona	5
1	Nyanza	5
IV	O:11	5
IV	O:13	5
Unspecified	O:40	5
iiia	O:48	5
iiib	O:65	5
1	Onderstepoort	5
1	Papuana	5
1	Uccle	5
1	Vancouver	5
1	Walikade	5
3a	13,23:z4,z23,[z32]	4
1	3,10:l,z13:-	4
3b	35:r:e,n,x,z15	4
3b	38:(k):1,5,7	4
1	4,[5],12:-:e,n,z15	4
1	40:-:e,n,x	4
3a	41:z4,z23,z32:-	4
3a	42:g,z51:-	4
3a	42:z4,z24:-	4
3a	44:z4,z23:-	4
3a	44:z4,z32:-	4
3a	47:g,z51:-	4
3b	48:i:z53	4
3b	50:k:z35	4
3b	50:rP-	4
3a	53:z4,z23,z32:-	4
1	6,7:-:1,7	4
3b	60:z52:z	4
3b	61:r:z	4
3b	65:(k):z35	4
1	9,12:i:-	4
2	9,12:l,w:e,n,x	4
2	9,12:z29:1,5,	4
1	Albuquerque	4
1	Allandale	4
1	Assen	4
1	Assinie	4
1	Augustenborg	4
1	Banana	4
1	Bergen	4
1	Bousso	4
1	Bradford	4
1	Choleraesius var. Decatur	4
1	Curacao	4
1	Falkensee	4
1	Frintrop	4
1	Gnesta	4
1	Guildford	4
1	Hannover	4
1	Hofit	4
1	Jukestown	4
1	Kaapstad	4
1	Kalamu	4
1	Landwasser	4
1	Lansing	4
1	Lockleaze	4
1	Mountpleasant	4
Unspecified	O:18	4
Unspecified	O:28	4
Unspecified	O:44	4
Unspecified	O:47	4
IV	O:50	4
Unspecified	O:6,14	4
1	Obogu	4
1	Onireke	4
1	Quiniela	4
1	Remo	4
1	Sinstorf	4
1	Taksony	4
1	Tarshyne	4
1	Victoria	4
1	Wagenia	4
1	Welaco	4
1	Winston	4
1	Yoruba	4
1	11:-:e,n,x	3
1	11:z10:-	3
1	13,22:b:-	3
1	16:a:-	3
1	16:e,h:-	3
3a	18:z4,z32:-	3
3a	21:z29:-	3
1	30:b:-	3
3b	38:(k):-	3
2	40:c:e,n,x,z15	3
3a	40:z4,z24:-	3
3a	41:z4,z24	3
1	43:k:-	3
3a	43:z29:-	3
3b	47:k:z53	3
3b	47:z10:z35	3
2	48:a:z39	3
3b	48:i:z35	3
3a	48:z36:-	3
3b	50:k:-	3
3b	50:l,v:z	3
3a	50:z36:-	3
3a	53:z4,z24:-	3
1	6,14:b:-	3
1	6,8:-:e,n,x	3
3a	63:z4,z23:-	3
1	9,12:-:e,n,x	3
1	Bispebjerg	3
1	Bonn	3
1	Brancaster	3
1	Brazos	3
1	Brive	3
1	Djakarta	3
1	Farmsen	3
1	Friedenau	3
1	Glasgow	3
1	Haduna	3
1	Hillingdon	3
1	Jamaica	3
1	Jodhpur	3
1	Kampala	3
1	Kivu	3
1	Kumasi	3
1	Lawra	3
1	Luke	3
1	Memphis	3
1	Nagoya	3
1	Ndolo	3
1	Newyork	3
1	Nitra	3
Unspecified	O:21	3
ii	O:4	3
iiib	O:53	3
iiib	O:60	3
1	Oritamerin	3
1	Pharr	3
1	Redlands	3
1	Ridge	3
1	Sanjuan	3
1	Saugus	3
1	Senegal	3
1	Shipley	3
1	Simi	3
1	Somone	3
1	Splott	3
1	Teddington	3
1	Teko	3
1	Telhashomer	3
1	Teltow	3
1	Texas	3
1	Tornow	3
1	Tsevie	3
1	Utah	3
1	Vanier	3
1	Vejle	3
1	Vitkin	3
1	Yaba	3
1	Zanzibar	3
IV	11:g,z51:-	2
3b	11:l,v:z53	2
2	13,22:z29:1,5	2
3b	13,23:z:1,5	2
2	16:g,[m],[s],t:[1,5]	2
2	17:g,t:[e,n,x,z15)	2
3b	17:z10:e,n,x,z15	2
3a	17:z29:-	2
3a	18:g,z51:-	2
3a	35:z4,z32:-	2
3a	41:g,z51:-	2
2	41:z10:z6	2
IV	43:z4,z32:-	2
2	43:z4:z23	2
1	47:b:-	2
1	47:d:-	2
3b	47:r:z	2
3a	48:z4,z23,z32:-	2
3b	50:r:1,5,(7)	2
3b	53:k:e,n,x,z15	2
3a	59:z4,z23:-	2
1	6,14:d:-	2
1	6,7:a:-	2
1	6,7:i:-	2
1	6,8:-:e,n,z15	2
2	60:g,m,t:z6	2
3b	60:k:z35	2
3b	61:c:1,5,(7)	2
3b	61:l,v:-	2
3b	65:l,v:z	2
1	9,12:-:1,2	2
2	9,12:a:1,5	2
1	Ajiobo	2
1	Angoda	2
1	Arapahoe	2
1	Berkeley	2
1	Bietri	2
1	Blijdorp	2
1	Bron	2
1	Bronx	2
1	Bruck	2
1	Cleveland	2
1	Colorado	2
1	Cuckmere	2
1	Cullingworth	2
1	Dakota	2
1	Duval	2
1	Eberswalde	2
1	Ekpoui	2
1	Enugu	2
1	Fomeco	2
1	Frankfurt	2
1	Fyris	2
1	Garba	2
1	Gera	2
1	Goverdhan	2
1	Haelsingborg	2
1	Hatfield	2
1	Hidalgo	2
1	Hiduddify	2
1	Hillegersberg	2
1	Homosassa	2
1	Ilala	2
1	Kibi	2
1	Kirkee	2
1	Kisii	2
1	Kouka	2
1	Kuntair	2
1	Lika	2
1	Maacaibo	2
1	Maastricht	2
1	Manchester	2
1	Menden	2
1	Morehead	2
1	Neudorf	2
1	Neukoelln	2
1	Newholland	2
1	Newrochelle	2
ii	O:13	2
i	O:40	2
iiia	O:40	2
iiia	O:41	2
Unspecified	O:42	2
IV	O:43	2
Unspecified	O:43	2
iiia	O:50	2
iiia	O:51	2
1	Parkroyal	2
1	Preston	2
1	Salford	2
1	Sangalkam	2
1	Sanktgeorg	2
1	Sao	2
1	Seremban	2
1	Skansen	2
1	Solt	2
1	Strathcona	2
1	Tees	2
1	Tokoin	2
1	Travis	2
1	Tyresoe	2
S bongori	Unspecified	2
1	Vinohrady	2
1	Wernigerode	2
1	Wyldegreen	2
1	Zaiman	2
1	Zega	2
1	Zwickau	2
3b	(6),14:l,v:z	1
3b	(6),14:z10:z	1
2	1,9,12,46,27:l,z13,z28:39	1
3a	11:g,z51	1
1	11:i:-	1	2014
1	11:k:-	1	2016
3b	11:k:z53	1
2	13,22:g,m,g:[1,5]	1
2	13,22:g,m,g:[1,5]	1
2	13,23:a:z42	1
2	13,23:d:e,n,x	1
2	13,23:g,t:e,n,x	1
1	13,23:y:e,n,z15	1	2016
2	13,23:z:1,5	1
1	16:-:e,n,x	1	2010
2	16:z4,z23	1
IV	16:z4,z24:-	1
1	17:-:e,n,x	1
2	17:b:-	1
2	17:b:e,n,x,z15	1
3b	17:i:z35	1
3b	17:k:z	1
IV	17:z29:-	1
3a	17:z36:-	1
3b	18:l,v:z	1
IV	18:z36,z38	1
3a	18:z36:-	1
2	18:z4,z23:-	1
3b	21:k:z	1
3b	21:l,v:z	1
3a	21:z36:-	1
IV	21:z4,z23:-	1
3a	21:z4,z32:-	1
IV	21:z4,z32:-	1
1	3,10:-:1,2	1
1	3,10:i:-	1
2	3,10:l,z28:1,5	1
2	30:b:z6	1
3a	35:g,z51:-	1
3b	35:i:e,n,x,z15	1
3b	35:i:z	1
3b	35:k:z53	1
2	35:l,z28	1
3b	38:i:z	1
1	4,[5],27:d:-	1
1	4,[5],27:l,v:-	1
2	4,12,[27]:b:[e,n,x]	1
2	40:b:-	1
2	40:z39:1,7	1
2	40:z4,z24:z39	1
IV	41:z4,z23:-	1
3b	42:l,v:1,5,7	1
2	42:z:e,n,x,z15	1
2	42:z29	1
3a	43:g,z51:-	1
3a	45:z4,z23:-	1
2	47:a:1,5	1
2	47:b:z6	1
2	47:d:1,5	1
3b	48:-:z	1
S bongori	48:a:-	1
3b	48:l,v:z	1
3b	48:r:e,n,x,z15	1
IV	48:z4,z24:-	1
3a	48:z4,z32:-	1
3b	50:r:z35	1
3a	50:z29:-	1
3a	50:z4,z23,z32:-	1
IV	50:z4,z24:-	1
3a	50:z4,z32:-	1
IV	51:z4,z23:-	1
3a	51:z4,z24:-	1
3a	51:z4,z32:-	1
3b	53:-:z53	1
3b	53:z10:z	1
IV	53:z4,z23:-	1
2	55:k:z39	1
2	58:d:z6	1
3b	58:l,v:z35	1
2	58:l,z13,z28:1,5	1
3b	59:l,v:z53	1
1	6,14:-:l,z13,z28	1
1	6,14:y:-	1
2	6,7:z:1,5	1
2	6,7:z:e,n,x	1
2	6,7:z39:1,5,7	1
1	6,7:z4,z23:-	1
IV	6,7:z4,z23:-	1
1	6,8:y:-	1
3b	60:i:e,n,x,z15	1
3b	60:r:-	1
3b	60:z52:z35	1
3b	61:(k):z53	1
3b	61:c:-	1
3b	61:i:-	1
3b	61:i:z35	1
3b	61:r:z53	1
3b	61:z52:z	1
3b	65:c:z53	1
1	8,20:-:z6	1
1	9,12:-:1,6	1
2	9,12:g,m,s,t:e,n,x	1
2	9,12:g,s,t:e,n,x	1
1	9,12:l,z13:-	1
2	9,12:l,z28:1,5	1
1	Adeoyo	1	2014
1	Adjame	1	2013
1	Afula	1	2016
1	Ahoutoue	1	2007
1	Ahuza	1	2009
1	Alagbon	1	2008
1	Amherstiana	1	2006
1	Amounderness	1	2008
1	Amunigun	1	2012
1	Atento	1	2012
1	Avignon	1	2006
1	Avonmouth	1	2011
1	Ayinde	1	2010
1	Azteca	1	2008
1	Babelsberg	1	2011
1	Benue	1	2016
1	Blukwa	1	2015
1	Bochum	1	2014
1	Bolombo	1	2011
1	Brackenridge	1	2014
1	Breukelen	1	2007
1	Brezany	1	2008
1	Brijbhumi	1	2012
1	Bsilla	1	2008
1	Budapest	1	2007
1	Bullbay	1	2015
1	Burgas	1	2007
1	Burundi	1	2008
1	Butantan	1	2009
1	Chile	1	2008
1	Chingola	1	2007
1	Chiredzi	1	2014
1	Claibornei	1	2006
1	Connecticut	1	2015
1	Croft	1	2006
1	Cyprus	1	2011
1	Daarle	1	2008
1	Dahlem	1	2006
1	Dakar	1	2007
1	Deguel	1	2016
1	Dessau	1	2015
1	Detmold	1	2013
1	Doorn	1	2006
1	Eboko	1	2009
1	Eko	1	2015
1	Ekotedo	1	2012
1	Elomrane	1	2007
1	Emmastad	1	2009
1	Erfurt	1	2013
1	Escanaba	1	2007
1	Eschberg	1	2011
1	Fann	1	2013
1	Farsta	1	2006
1	Fayed	1	2006
1	Fillmore	1	2008
1	Fischerkietz	1	2006
1	Freefalls	1	2009
1	Fulica	1	2011
1	Gambia	1	2012
1	Garoli	1	2006
1	Giza	1	2012
1	Glidji	1	2013
1	Godesberg	1	2013
1	Goelzau	1	2016
1	Gombe	1	2008
1	Good	1	2014
1	Goulumbo	1	2009
1	Grandhaven	1	2006
1	Gwale	1	2006
1	Harburg	1	2006
1	Harcourt	1	2006
1	Heron	1	2016
1	Herzliya	1	2012
1	Hoghton	1	2006
1	Huettwilen	1	2012
1	Ikeja	1	2010
1	jaffna	1	2007
1	Jalisco	1	2016
1	Jerusalem	1	2006
1	Joal	1	2007
1	Jubilee	1	2006
1	Kallo	1	2006
1	Kalumburu	1	2015
1	Kanifing	1	2009
1	Kapemba	1	2006
1	Kawndale	1
1	Kenya	1	2016
1	Kimberley	1
1	Kimuenza	1	2007
1	Kitenge	1	2014
1	Koenigstuhl	1	2016
1	Korlebu	1	2006
1	Kortrijk	1	2006
1	Kunduchi	1	2008
1	Kuru	1	2010
1	Labadi	1	2008
1	Landau	1	2015
1	Langensalza	1	2016
1	Leiden	1	2013
1	lerum	1	2012
1	Lindern	1	2015
1	Lingwala	1	2016
1	Loubomo	1	2011
1	Louisiana	1	2013
1	Macallen	1	2007
1	Macclesfield	1	2012
1	Madison	1	2008
1	Madras	1	2013
1	Magwa	1	2012
1	Mango	1	2012
1	Mapo	1	2016
1	Maritzburg	1	2015
1	Marshall	1	2014
1	Mendoza	1	2015
1	Missouri	1	2016
1	Mocamedes	1	2015
1	Mons	1	2008
1	Montaigu	1	2011
1	Montreal	1	2011
1	Morington	1	2006
1	Moscow	1	2006
1	Mpouto	1	2009
1	Narashino	1	2011
1	Natal	1	2015
IV	O:11	1
iiia	O:13	1
iiia	O:21	1
IV	O:28	1
IV	O:3	1
Unspecified	O:3,10	1
IV	O:30	1
IV	O:38	1
iiib	O:38	1
I	O:39	1
IV	O:40	1
Unspecified	O:41	1
i	O:47	1
ii	O:48	1
iiib	O:48	1
i	O:50	1
ii	O:50	1
i	O:51	1
Unspecified	O:51	1
iiia	O:53	1
ii	O:58	1
Unspecified	O:58	1
Unspecified	O:65	1
i	O:9,46	1
1	Oldenburg	1	2007
1	Ontario	1	2011
1	Os	1	2006
1	Oskarshamn	1	2007
1	Oxford	1	2006
1	Penarth	1	2006
1	Perth	1	2016
1	Ploufragan	1	2011
1	Potengi	1	2008
1	Pramiso	1	2013
1	Rhone	1	2007
1	Ried	1	2016
1	Riggil	1	2013
1	Rovaniemi	1	2006
1	Saintmarie	1	2007
1	Sapele	1	2012
1	Serrekunda	1	2013
1	Soahanina	1	2014
1	Southbank	1	2008
1	Stachus	1	2007
1	Stellingen	1	2012
1	Sternschanze	1	2007
1	Stockholm	1	2007
1	Stoneferry	1	2009
1	Stormont	1	2011
1	Stuttgart	1	2012
1	Suberu	1	2006
1	Szentes	1	2014
1	Tabligbo	1	2007
1	Tanzania	1	2006
1	Tennyson	1	2011
1	Trachau	1	2015
1	Treguier	1	2006
1	Troy	1	2010
1	Tschangu	1	2009
1	Tudu	1	2015
1	Ughelli	1	2016
1	Umhlatazana	1	2012
1	Vaudens	1
1	Veneziana	1	2014
1	Vleuten	1	2008
1	Wa	1	2007
1	Waral	1	2010
1	Warmsen	1	2007
1	Wedding	1	2011
1	Wimborne	1	2012
1	Windermere	1	2012
1	Zaria	1	2011
Partially serotyped culture-confirmed

FDA Pet Food Recalls – 2007-2018

May 15, 2019May 16, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

) FDA 2007 Archives, Red Flannel Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162759/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2007/ucm112261.htm

25) FDA 2007 Archives, Krasdale Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162800/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2007/ucm112260.htm

26) FDA 2007 Archives, Ol’ Roy Recalls: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162905/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2007/ucm112215.htm

56) FDA 2007 Archives, Bravo Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162738/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2007/ucm112278.htm

57) FDA 2007 Archives, Wild Kitty Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112163131/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2007/ucm112109.htm

58) FDA 2008 Archives, Mars PetFood Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111131629/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2008/ucm112526.htm

59) FDA 2008 Archives, Mars Pet Food Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162109/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2008/ucm112497.htm

60) FDA 2008 Archives, Mars, Pedigree Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112162145/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2008/ucm112479.htm

64) FDA 2010 Archives, Iams Recalls: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111826/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm224675.htm

65) FDA 2010 Archives, Iams Veterinary Dry Formulas & Eukanuba Recalls: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111830/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm220780.htm

66) FDA 2010 Archives, Iams Cat Veterinary Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111833/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm220204.htm

67) FDA 2010 Archives, Natural Balance Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111841/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm216298.htm

69) FDA 2010 Archives, Feline’s Pride Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111834/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm219200.htm

70) FDA 2010 Archives, Feline’s Pride Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111837/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm217826.htm

71) FDA 2010 Archives, HPP Nature’s Variety Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111847/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm203612.htm

72) FDA 2010 Archives, HPP Nature’s Variety Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111848/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2010/ucm200248.htm

79) FDA 2011 Archives, Nestle Purina ONE Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111808/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm266079.htm

80) FDA 2011 Archives, Nestle Purina Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111812/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm261072.htm

81) FDA 2011 Archives, Primal Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111814/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm257160.htm

83) FDA 2012 Archives, Avoderm Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111727/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm319021.htm

84) FDA 2012 Archives, Diamond Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111740/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm304917.htm

85) FDA 2012 Archives, Natural Balance Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111744/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303918.htm

86) FDA 2012 Archives, Solid Gold Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111745/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303371.htm

87) FDA 2012 Archives, WellPet Wellness Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111746/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303039.htm

88) FDA 2012 Archives, Canidae Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111747/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303063.htm

89) FDA 2012 Archives, Diamond Brand CDC REGULATED recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111749/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303034.htm

90) FDA 2012 Archives, Apex Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111754/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303061.htm

91) FDA 2012 Archives, Natural Balance CDC REGULATED Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111755/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm303042.htm

92) FDA 2012 Archives, Diamond CDC REGULATED Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111757/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm302514.htm

93) FDA 2012 Archives, Diamond CDC REGULATED Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111758/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm302137.htm

94) FDA 2012 Archives, Diamond CDC REGULATED Recall 3: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111802/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2012/ucm299606.htm

97) FDA 2013 Archives, Nestle Purina Beyond Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111635/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm366953.htm

98) FDA 2013 Archives, Iams/Eukanuba CDC REGULATED Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111637/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm365154.htm

99) FDA 2013 Archives, Natura Brand Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111639/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm357630.htm

100) FDA 2013 Archives, Natura Brand Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111643/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm348786.htm

101) FDA 2013 Archives, Natura Brand Recall 3: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111647/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm345971.htm

102) FDA 2013 Archives, Natura Brand Recall 4: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111648/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm344421.htm

103) FDA 2013 Archives, Diamond Recalls: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111659/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm343084.htm

105) FDA 2013 Archives, HPP Bravo Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111646/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm346496.htm

106) FDA 2013 Archives, HPP Bravo Recall 2: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111650/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm343716.htm

108) FDA 2013 Archives, Honest Kitchen: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111708/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm340669.htm

112) FDA 2014 Archives, Hills Science Diet Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111624/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm399662.htm

113) FDA 2014 Archives, Abady Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111628/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm392618.htm

114) FDA 2014 Archives, Pro-Pet Hubbard Life Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111631/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm384876.htm

115) FDA 2014 Archives, Red Flannel PMI Nutrition Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111632/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm383066.htm

116) FDA 2014 Archives, HPP Bravo Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111619/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2013/ucm416452.htm

119) FDA 2015 Archives, Nutrisca (Tuffy’s) Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112073818/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm434023.htm

122) FDA 2015 Archives, HPP Bravo Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111082545/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm476860.htm

123) FDA 2015 Archives, K-9 Kraving Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112071737/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm465646.htm

124) FDA 2015 Archives, OC Raw Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112071809/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm464515.htm

125) FDA 2015 Archives, HPP Northwest Farm Food Cooperative Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112072437/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm457918.htm

126) FDA 2015 Archives, HPP Nature’s Variety Instinct Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112072613/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm455923.htm

127) FDA 2015 Archives, Bravo Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112072656/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm455867.htm

130) FDA 2015 Archives, OC Raw Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112073126/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm447095.htm

134) FDA 2015 Archives, Oma’s Pride Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112074151/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ArchiveRecalls/2015/ucm430726.htm

136) FDA 2016 Archives, HPP Rad Cat Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111095421/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm508394.htm

137) FDA 2016 Archives, Small Batch Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111095438/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm492628.htm

138) FDA 2016 Archives, Vital Essentials Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170111095442/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm482799.htm

139) FDA 2016 Archives, BDN Recall: http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112111611/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm479873.htm

148) FDA 2017 Archives, Small Batch Recall: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm557128.htm

150) FDA 2018, Rawz for Paws: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm596043.htm

151) FDA 2018, Dawin’s/Zoologics: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm596594.htm

152) FDA 2018, TruDog: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm598161.htm

152) FDA 2018, Vital Essentials: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm598255.htm

153) FDA 2018, Blue Ridge Beef: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm599261.htm

154) FDA 2018, Steve’s Real Food: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm599288.htm

155) FDA 2018, Tucker’s: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm599724.htm

156) FDA 2018, Darwin’s/Zoologics: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm602735.htm

157) FDA 2018, Blue Ridge Beef: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm602723.htm

158) FDA 2018, Vital Essentials: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm604895.htm

159) FDA 2018, TruDog: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm604979.htm

160) FDA 2018, Steve’s Real Food: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm619888.htm

161) FDA 2018, Bravo Performance Dog: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm620371.htm

Proposed White Paper Table of Contents

May 15, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Table of Contents

Why the Zero Tolerance Policy is being questioned – page 4
Why the Zero Tolerance Policy is unattainable
Known and Unknown Pathogens
Weaknesses in Testing Methodology
Adherence to Testing Protocol
Global Experts Weigh-In
References

Risk Assessment of Salmonella Serovars
Serovars of Concern
FDA Data
CDC Data
WHO Data
Host-specific Serovars
Infective Doses
References

Exposure Risks
Adulterants in Sourcing
Scientific Community Poll (Dry Food vs Raw)
FDA Recall Data
USDA Recall Data
CDC Outbreak Data
References

Legal Considerations
Favoritism
Inhibition of Commerce
References

References

Serovar Risk Assessment plus supporting info – CDC

May 15, 2019 ~ FoodRegulationFacts ~ Leave a comment

Pathogenic vs non-Pathogenic Science

Risk Assessment of Salmonella Serovars
Serovars of Concern
FDA Data

CDC Data

WHO Data
Host-specific Serovars
Infective Doses

This is from a CDC document and it is a list of every Salmonella Serotype (culture confirmed and partially serotyped) they seem to have identified. There are 1,020 of them listed here. The numbers reflect the number of illnesses associated with each between 2006-2016. This document is called National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Salmonella Annual Report, 2016 and is sourced from the CDC.

Here is a summary of what that looks like as well as considerations for action surrounding the summary… please provide your feedback:

Number of serotypes with 1 case listed – 302

(Consideration: I would like to request FOIA on these cases to determine if these serotypes can indeed be, beyond a reasonable doubt, confirmed as the sole cause of illness or if perhaps the carrier were otherwise ill and, in searching to identify another disease process they found these strains of salmonella which were, in fact, not causing illness)

Number of serotypes with 2 cases listed – 108 (Consideration: same as above)

Number of serotypes with 3 cases listed – 78 (Consideration: same as above)

Number of serotypes with 4 cases listed – 65 (Consideration: same as above)

Number of serotypes with 5 cases listed – 42 (Consideration: same as above. This is still 1/2 of 1 case per year on average)

Number of serotypes with 6-10 cases listed – 101 – This is an average of .6-1 case per year

Number of serotypes with 11-20 cases listed – 76 – This is an average of 1.1-2 cases per year

Number of serotypes with 21-100 cases listed – 123 – This is an average of 2-10 cases per year

Number of serotypes with 101-500 cases listed – 62 – This is an average of 10.1-50 cases per year

Number of serotypes with less than 1,000 infections in 10 years is 972 out of 1,020.

Number of serotypes with 500-10,000 cases listed – 56 – This is an average of 50.1-1,000 cases per year

Number of serotypes in excess of 10,000 cases listed – 8 – This is 1,007-8,330 cases per year

This document also shows that Salmonella outbreaks are consistently seasonal, being the least likely to cause infection in February, most likely in August. https://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/data/salm2016/Figure4.xlsx

Most infectious strains from worst down:

1) Enteritidis – 83,303 cases

2) Typhimurium – 63,773 cases

3) Newport – 47,481 cases

4) Javiana – 25,955 cases

5) 4,[5],12:i:- – 18,189 cases

6) Heidelberg – 13,627 cases

7) Montevideo – 11,495 cases

8) Muenchen – 10,379 cases

9) Infantis – 10,077 cases (2012 = 1,106, Diamond Pet Food Recall was 49 of those – Therefore DRY pet food contributed to 0.0048% of cases)

10) Saintpaul – 9,799 cases

11) Oranienburg – 8,012 cases

12) Braenderup – 7,878 cases

13) Thompson – 6,332 cases

14) Mississippi – 5,711 cases

15) Typhi – 4,788 cases

16) Agona – 4,685 cases

17) Paratyphi B var. L(+) tartrate + – 4,486 cases

18) Bareilly – 4,210 cases

19) Poona – 3,844 cases

20) O:4 – 3,547 cases

21) Berta – 3,038 cases

22) Schwarzengrund – 2,934 cases (2007 = 300 infection, Diamond Pet Food Recall was 62 of those) (Mars Pet Care caused CDC regulated outbreak in humans between 2006-2008 of 79. Therefore DRY pet food contributed to 0.048% of cases)

23) Anatum – 2,872 cases

24) Hadar – 2,601 cases

25) Litchfield – 2,499 cases

26) Stanley – 2,370 cases

27) Hartford – 2,293 cases

28) Mbandaka – 2,284 cases

29) 4, [5], 12:b:- – 2,275 cases

30) Unspecified – 2,210 cases

31) Sandiego – 1,982 cases

32) Panama – 1,980 cases

33) Norwich – 1,935 cases

34) 13,23:b:- 1,921 cases

35) O:7 – 1,203 cases

36) Rubislaw – 1,757 cases

38) Paratyphi A – 1,716 cases

39) Senftenberg – 1,678 cases

40) Dublin – 1,388 cases

41) Tennessee – 1,326 cases

42) Give – 1,309 cases

43) Derby – 1,249 cases

44) O:9 – 1,229 cases

45) Miami – 1,203 cases

46) Kentucky – 1,026 cases

47) Adelaide – 1,001 cases

These are all the cases with more than 1,000 incidence between 2006-2016, or in excess of 100 cases per year.

Salmonella Reading is listed as having 858 cases. I point this out as it was blamed for the raw food related illness in humans. Incidence are as follows: 2206 – 50, 2007 – 57, 2008 – 46, 2009 – 53, 2010 – 33, 2011 – 42, 2012 – 58, 2013 – 55, 2014 – 104, 2015 – 139, 2016 – 221 (The primary listed source of this serovar is pre-cut melons)

Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks United States Annual Reports are available to show CDC indicated sources of pathogenic infections in humans each year. 2014 (which is the most current summarized document) states the following:

1) From over 13,000 cases and 864 CDC regulated outbreaks only 21 recalls were implemented.

2) Sources of outbreaks:

1) Restaurants – 65% of outbreaks and 44% of illnesses

2) Catering and Banquet – 12% of outbreaks and 29% of illnesses

3) Private Home – 12% of outbreaks and 7% of illnesses

4) Institutional Location – 4% of outbreaks and 13% of illnesses

5) Other locations (Grocery, Farm/Dairy, Fair/Festival) – 4% of outbreaks, 4% of illnesses

6) Hospital/Nursing Homes – 1% of outbreaks, 1% of illnesses

7) Private location (place of worship) – 2% of outbreaks, 3% of illnesses

Most common food causes:

1) Seeded vegetables – 16%

2) Fish – 21%

3) Chicken ~ 12%

4) Diary – 10%

5) Beef (comprising 20% of recalls (not outbreaks) and only 20% of those were from Salmonella)

3) Salmonella accounts for 30% of all pathogen infections in the United States https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/pdfs/foodborne-outbreaks-annual-report-2014-508.pdf

This is also an interesting link that shows which states have the highest incidence of Salmonella: https://www.statista.com/statistics/379025/us-salmonella-rate-by-state/

http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/Oct-2013/1.pdf Salmonella enterica, the most pathogenic species of the genus Salmonella

The differences observed between serovars in their host preference and clinical manifestations are referred to as “serovar-host specificity” or “serovar-host adaptation”. The genus Salmonella, highly adaptive to vertebrate hosts, has many pathogenic serovars showing host specificity

WAITING ON NATE TO HELP ME MAKE THIS SO I CAN COPY AND PASTE IT… MEANWHILE I BROUGHT IT

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869595/pdf/11117946.pdf The current view of salmonella taxonomy assigns the members of this genus to two species: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica itself is divided into six subspecies, enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, indica, and houtenae, also known as subspecies I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI, respectively [1] .

The pathogenicity of most of the distinct serotypes remains undefined, and even within the most common serotypes, many questions remain to be answered regarding the interactions between the organism and the infected host.

Salmonellosis manifests itself in three major forms: enteritis, septicaemia, and abortion, each of which may be present singly or in combination, depending on both the serotype and the host involved. Although currently over 2300 serovars of Salmonella are recognized, only about 50 serotypes are isolated in any significant numbers as human or animal pathogens [2, 3] and they all belong to subspecies enterica

Only a small number of serotypes typically cause severe systemic disease in man or animals, characterized by septicaemia, fever and}or abortion, and such serotypes are often associated with one or few host species [4–6].

Host-adapted serotypes (Table 1) typically cause systemic disease in a limited number of related species. For example, Typhi, Gallinarum and Abortusovis are almost exclusively associated with systemic disease in humans [7], fowl [8] and ovines [5] respectively

In the past, special attention has been dedicated to nutritional requirements and distinct biochemical characters of Salmonella serotypes. In particular, Salmonella strains had been divided in ‘ ammonium weak’ and ‘ ammonium strong’ strains on the basis of their ability to assimilate nitrogen from ammonia in a defined media that contained simple carbon compounds such as citrate (Simmons citrate agar) or other sugars as sole source of carbon and energy [15]

Serotypes noted as ‘ ammonium weak’ were all host-adapted (Dublin, Rostock, and Choleraesuis) or host-restricted (Paratyphi A, Abortusovis, Typhisuis, Typhi, and Sendai) [15]. . It is important to note that a negative result of this test might be due also to the failure of the organism to grow in absence of other substances that were not provided with such minimal media.

Fierer and colleagues have examined the biochemical features of several Dublin strains and found them all unable to grow in Simmons citrate agar [17]. In the presence of supplemental nicotinic acid, however, all strains were able to utilize citrate. Similarly, we found Abortusovis strains able to utilize citrate in a minimal defined medium only when cystine and nicotinic acid were supplemented (Uzzau and colleagues, unpublished results). Detailed analysis of the nutritional requirement of Salmonella spp. has led to the observation that whereas ubiquitous Typhimurium and Enteritidis were able to grow in relatively simple defined media, certain amino acids and vitamins must be supplied for most strains of Typhi, Typhisuis, Abortusovis, Gallinarum, Paratyphi A, and Dublin [18, 19]. Auxotrophy therefore, seems to be a characteristic of HR and HA serotypes (Table 2).

The taxonomic classification of salmonella has been continually revised over the years. Beyond the level of subspecies, serotyping is used for differentiation, and serotypes have been described within S. enterica subspecies enterica on the basis of somatic (O), flagellar (H), and capsular (Vi) antigens [1]. Within subspecies enterica, some serotypes are polyphyletic; identical serotypes occur among isolates of distantly related clones that also differ in pathogenic potential and host range. This can be attributed to horizontal genetic transfer and recombination of antigen genes between lineages, an event that has been proposed to happen with relatively high frequency [22]. However, overall the subspecies remain clonal [23].

Epithelial cell adhesion and invasion may not be uncoupled in Typhi, since all Typhi invasion mutants isolated in recent studies [47, 52] were also adhesion-defective, whereas mutants obtained from UR serotypes like Typhimurium and Enteritidis were found to adhere to cell monolayers but invaded significantly less [53–55].

Other salmonellae which are primarily or exclusively restricted in host range to humans are Paratyphi A and C and Sendai, all of which cause enteric fever. Some strains of Paratyphi B cause human enteric fever, whereas others, designated as Java, produce gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Miami, which is serologically related to Sendai, is largely limited to humans but causes gastroenteritis rather than enteric fever in animals [24].

Gallinarum as host-restricted since all reported cases of systemic disease are from avian hosts [8].

Typhisuis This serotype does not naturally infect animals other than the pig and, for this reason, is considered host restricted to swine

Choleraesuis This serotype is defined as host-adapted on the basis that 99% of incidents are associated with pigs. However, it does naturally infect other host species, including man, in which the disease can be severe. Human infections were well known for severity with 10–40% case mortality and the majority of isolates were from non-intestinal sites (i.e. blood-stream, bones, joints)

Dublin is host-adapted to bovine and affects both young and adult cattle causing enteritis and}or systemic disease. In humans Dublin infection generally occurs in patients with underlying chronic diseases, and arises from contact with animals or via the food chain.

Immediately following the invasion of the organisms beyond the intestinal mucosa, more than 90% of the organisms are destroyed at, or close to, the site of inoculation, primarily by resident phagocytic cells. Surviving organisms disseminate, and bacterial growth occurs in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The crucial phase occurs when bacterial multiplication is either controlled or continues in an uncontrolled fashion. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the first phagocytic cells to be attracted towards infected tissues by means of salmonella-induced cytokines secretion [147, 148]. PMNs have been recognized for many years as having a function in the inflammatory response, and recently PMNs have also been implicated in the modulation of the other immune cells [149]. Salmonella has adapted to grow inside macrophages where it is relatively sheltered from PMN [150]. Macrophages play a dual role in the salmonella infection process. Once activated, they can kill salmonella, but macrophages are also the site of bacterial multiplication. Infected macrophages are therefore responsible for the dissemination of the Serotypes of S. enterica 239 infection via the lymphatic ducts to other organs [151]

When Salmonella serotypes colonize in the intestinal mucosa of mammals, before progression to a systemic infection in the body, they face to an effective barrier of macrophages that line the lymphatic sinuses of lymph nodes. The granuloma formations caused by the accumulation in inflamed tissue of polynuclear granulocytes in mammals, also exist in avian hosts where it is the heterophiles that are involved, and are morphologically similar to inflammatory lesions in reptiles [160]. Therefore, one of the first steps in the salmonella development towards being a systemic, facultative intracellular pathogen may have been to enter the macrophage in order to escape from the aggressive environment. It is tempting to speculate that it is the ability of HA and HR serotypes to escape cellular defenses that has led to the development of host specificity. That pathogens have adopted different tactics to escape immune systems is well known. Immune evasion of virus and helminth parasites related to cytokine activities is beginning to be explored [161], and also bacteria can be supposed to contain and produce a large number of diverse molecules, which can selectively induce the synthesis of cytokines, as LPS does [162]. Unfortunately, little evidence has been accumulated to date with respect to salmonella.

Salmonella serotypes capable of disseminate in a particular host may utilize alveolar macrophages and pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM) for translocation [195]. Calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, but not man or small rodents, possess PIM densities and clearance capacity in the lung parenchyma similar to that of human and murine Kupffer cells in the liver [196]. Pigs rooting behaviour and the ovine and bovine grazing allow salmonella in the environment an easy access to the nasal cavity and thus to the lungs. Salmonella serotypes (i.e. Dublin, Abortusovis, Choleraesuis, and Typhimurium) able to produce systemic infection in these animals might have developed specific mechanisms to take advantage of both the intestinal and the pulmonary route of entry and dissemination. It is worth noting that salmonella infection of these hosts is often characterized by pneumonia and that bovine-adapted Dublin may cause pneumonia as a major sign of infection in sheep

In vitro studies have demonstrated that host-specific pathogenesis of Salmonella serotypes may depend on the selective recognition of complement receptor (CR) types on the macrophages membrane [206]. Typhi and Typhimurium induced their own uptake by micropinocytosis in both human and murine macrophages, but only Typhi was capable of growth in human macrophages. Conversely, Typhimurium survived in murine macrophages whereas Typhi did not. The molecular basis of such restriction has been hypothesized based on the fact that intracellular survival and replication is only made possible by recognition, in the presence of serum opsonin, of the CR type 1 (CR1) but not of CR type 3 (CR3). Strikingly, Typhi and Typhimurium recognized, respectively, CR1 and CR3 on human macrophages, whereas they recognized, respectively, CR3 and CR1 on murine macrophages. Baker and Morona have recently observed that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) differentiated U937 (PMA-U937, human) cells restricted the net growth of Typhi but not Typhimurium phoP mutants, suggesting that the phoP}Q locus may control expression of genes involved in host specificity, particularly affecting differential effects on Typhi and Typhimurium LPS [206].

At least 11 serotypes are known to carry virulence plasmids, which share common and unique sequences [230]. Typhi does not carry virulence plasmids and not all isolates of those serotypes associated with the plasmids do. The role of the virulence plasmid in pathogenesis has been mainly studied using the mouse model of salmonellosis

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bd6/123a6ba70af32f68d0f496814d142db1add2.pdf Salmonella is considered to be a ‘universal pathogen’ as it is successfully isolated from all vertebrates and many insects.

Recent studies show that a mechanism making one serovar virulent for one animal species could make the same serovar less or completely avirulent in another animal host [6]. In addition, other factors like the dose of infection, the age during which the host is infected and their immune response contribute equally to a successful infection [7].

Hence, current research is mainly focused on understanding the acquired ability of Salmonella’s host preference by Salmonella.

Out of these 2,500 serovars nearly 1500 belong to the Salmonella subsp. enterica. Figure represents different Salmonella serovars with core genome and with unique genes marked in black [12].

The first group includes serovars which have a broad host range also called as unrestricted serovars as these infect nearly all animals. This group includes serovars like Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis.

Although the severity of disease increases in young hosts when compared to adults, this is because of their inability to counter the mature immune responses in older hosts [8].

The second group includes serovars which cause highly severe systemic infection in their preferred host and are usually excreted without any clinical symptoms when they accidentally infect hosts others then their most adapted or preferred. Serovars such as Dublin, Choleraesuis fall into this category, as these prove to only cause systemic infection in cattle and pigs respectively [13, 14]; however these upon infection into other hosts like rodents and humans are usually excreted making these hosts as ‘carriers’. Serovars of this group are referred to as the ‘Host-adapted Serovars’.

The third group comprises of serovars which are restricted very strictly with one very specific host only; these serovars are called ‘host–restricted serovars’. They exclusively cause systemic infection, which often proves to be fatal within their host. Serovars such as Typhi, Gallinarum, Abortusequi etc belong to this group.

Salmonella thrives on the Payer’s patches, which is abundant with specialized epithelial M cells, and are considered as the primary site for infection. Upon breaching the mucosal layer, it then translocate to lymphoidal follicles and mesenteric lymph nodes [17]. Salmonella has developed mechanisms to infect and proliferate both in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. These include the epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, enterocytes and neutrophils [18]. The entry of Salmonella within cells is either by phagocytosis, Salmonella mediated through Type Three Secretion System-1 (T3SS1) or T3SS1 independent [10]. The process involves secretion of virulence factors called effector proteins encoded by SPI-1, which bring about actin re-modulation, leading to ruffling and extension of the plasma membrane of the host and hence resulting in invasion of the bacterium [10, 19, 20]. Once inside the epithelial cells, Salmonella develops around it a niche called the Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV). These SCVs interact with the endocytic vesicles within the host, thereby accumulating various factors in the process [21]. These include Rho GTPase such as Rab5 and Rab7 and also lysosomal associated membrane protein LAMP-1 [22]. From the SCV, the bacterium secrets another set of effector proteins encoded by SPI-2 genes that are responsible for intracellular replication and survival [23, 24]. After 4-6hrs of invasion the replicating bacteria within the SCV results in formation of tubular network like filaments called the Salmonella induced filaments (Sifs), which helps in maintain the integrity of the SCV [23]. These Sif ’s tend to grow outwards to the plasma membrane accumulating various host constituents. The formation of these Sif ’s is facilitated by TTSS-2 effector protein called SifA [21, 23, 24]. These Sif ’s are highly enriched in cholesterol and LAMP-1. Internalization of Salmonella, also affects other cellular process such as apoptosis, cell division, cytokine production and antigen presentation [25].

Although the precise mechanisms leading to host specificity by Salmonella is not very well understood, however the pathogenicity of Salmonella serovars is influenced by selective pressure within a particular host and its surroundings [5, 8].

Serovars such as a Salmonella Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Pullorum, Gallinarium Dublin and Paratyphi C are a classic example which has undergone gene deletions [13]. As a result, these serovars have lost the ability to replicate in the intestinal lumen of their respective host, although these successfully cause systemic infections [26].

Mannose sensitive pathogenicity determinants like FimH adhesins play an important role in adhesion of Salmonella on its host cell surface [27].

Apart from genetic factors, other paradigms such as physiological state of host cell, availability of amino acids and the ability of one serovar over other to replicate, has a critical role to play in the virulence pattern of a serovar [17].

Regardless of various genetic and physiological parameters effecting host specificity, it is also observed that stress has a significant role to play in pathogenicity and virulence of Salmonella in various hosts leading to its consistent presence in the food chain and environment.

Infective Doses

Infective Dose of Foodborne Pathogens in Volunteers: A Review (Mahendra Kothary) mkothary@cfsan.fda.gov – Division of Virulence Assessment (HFS327) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US FDA

“The human infective dose varies depending on the serovar of the organism. Results from the volunteer studies indicated that the infective dose for various serovars was 10⁵ – 10¹⁰ organisms. The attack rate depended on the serovar of the organism and ranged from about 16-50%. However, data from outbreaks suggest that infection dose may be as high as 10⁷ – 10⁹ organisms. Various authors of these studies suggested that the high fat and protein content of the food vehicle involved in the outbreaks may have played an important role in protecting the organism from gastric acidity.